Geothermal Ed 4 - 2007

SUMMARY

Introduction

• Geothermal heat is a significant provider of energy in a small number of countries, all located in regions subject to earthquakes and volcanoes
• Geothermal power generation capacity worldwide rose from 7,972.7 MW in 2000 to 8,933 MW in 2005, with 8,035 MW running. This is about 0.2% of the total world installed power generating capacity
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) or geoexchange, is the fastest growing geothermal application today, faster than power generation or any other form of direct use
• GSHP is a highly efficient renewable energy technology that is gaining wide acceptance for both residential and commercial buildings, with 1.4 million installations worldwide by 2005, and growth from 1,854 MWt of capacity in 1995 to 15,284 MWt in 2005
• The three countries with the largest amount of installed direct heat use capacity are USA, China and Iceland

Report Scope

• This report provides an excellent introduction and understanding of the three technologies for exploiting geothermal energy; power generation, GSHPs (ground source heat pumps), direct use (excluding GSHPs)
• It the industry's development and use of technology, power generation, efficiency and location of resources
• It provides an overview of geothermal energy, capacity and utilisation
• The geothermal power industry is reviewed looking at the power operators and equipment manufacturers
• Geothermal revenue and costs are analysed, including generation, construction and equipment costs
• The report looks at country use and development of geothermal energy with an analysis of the major market places - North America, Central America & Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Africa
• A listing of major geothermal manufacturers with address and telephone and fax numbers where available is provided at the end of the report

Key Findings

• A significant new geothermal technology is reviewed for the first time, GSHPs (ground source heat pumps). This technology made its debut in the last five years and is already the largest single exploiter of geothermal energy. The principles on which it operates are completely different from power generation or all other forms of direct use of geothermal heat
• In 2005 and 2006 the United States showed strong signs of renewed growth for geothermal power generation
• Five states now have geothermal power generating facilities; California, Nevada, Utah, Alaska and Hawaii
• Future developments are planned, with projects being considered in some 55 stages. Not all of these will happen since some are in the pre-planning phase and others are awaiting approval
• The opinion in the geothermal industry in the US is up-beat for future expansion
• Japan, Philippines and Nicaragua have all announced ambitious plans for further development of geothermal power, followed by Mexico, Indonesia, Italy, New Zealand, Iceland, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Kenya
• Newcomers in the electric power sector are Ethiopia (1998), Guatemala (1998), Austria (2001) and Nicaragua

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary

• USA
• Philippines
• Indonesia
• Italy
• Mexico
• Japan
• Other countries

2. Introduction to geothermal energy

• The development of geothermal energy use
• Direct use of geothermal energy
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Indirect use of geothermal energy for power generation
• Technology of geothermal power generation
  • Dry steam
  • Flash steam
  • Binary cycle
  • Hot dry rock/enhanced geothermal systems (HDR)
• Geothermal energy efficiency
• Location of resources

3. Overview of geothermal energy capacity and utilisation

• Geothermal direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Geothermal electricity generation
  • Geothermal generation potential
• Technology

4. Geothermal power industry

• Geothermal power operators in the US
• Calpine
• CalEnergy
• Unocal
• Caithness Energy
• Ormat Technologies Inc
• Smaller operators
• Geothermal equipment manufacturers
  • USA
  • Japan
  • Gemany
  • France
  • Italy
  • Russia

5. Geothermal Revenue and Costs - Generation, Construction and Equipment Sales

• Revenue from geothermal electricity sales
• Capital costs for building geothermal power plants
  • Indirect Costs
  • Operating and Maintenance Costs
  • Cost comparisons with other generation technologies
• Geothermal generation equipment market

6. Country use and development of geothermal energy

• United States
• Geothermal power generation
  • The Geysers
  • Other geothermal plants in the USA
  • Recent installations
  • Alaska
  • Nevada
• Proposed installations
  • The Geysers
• Arizona
  • Phase 1
• California
  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 3
  • Phase 4
• Hawaii
  • Phase 3
• Idaho
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 4
• Unconfirmed
• Nevada
  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 3
  • Phase 4
• Unconfirmed
• New Mexico
  • Phase 2
• Oregon
  • Phase 1
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 3
• Utah
  • Phase 2
  • Phase 4
  • Unconfirmed
  • Current industry outlook
  • Geothermal resources of the USA
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Direct use of geothermal energy
• Federal Government Programmes/Incentives
• Canada
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Mexico
• Geothermal power generation
  • Recent power development
  • Geothermal fields
  • Geothermal generation plants
  • Future developments
• Direct use

7. Asia

• Indonesia
• Geothermal power generation
  • Resource Potential
  • Geothermal plants
  • Field development and contractor status
  • Pertamina
  • Unocal
  • Amoseas
  • Caithness and Florida Power & Light
  • California Energy
  • Asia Power Ltd
  • PT. Wahana Komunikatama
  • Geothermal contracts concluded
  • Prices
  • Regional autonomy
  • Law and regulation - insufficient legal protection
  • Contractual arrangements
  • Joint Operation Contract (JOC)
  • Energy Sales Contract (ESC)
  • New geothermal guidelines
  • Developments in 2006
• Direct use
• Japan
• Geothermal power generation
  • First Generation (Mid 1960s - Mid 1970s)
  • Second Generation (Mid 1970s - Mid 1980s)
  • Third Generation (Mid 1980s - present)
  • Future prospects
  • Government support
  • Research and Development by the Government
• Direct use
• Philippines
• Geothermal power generation
  • Chronology of development of geothermal power in the Philippines
  • Geothermal plants
  • Mak-Ban
  • Tiwi
  • Tongonan
  • Mahanagdong 180 MW geothermal plant
  • Malitbog 240 MW, geothermal plant
  • Upper Mahiao 130 MW geothermal plant
  • Palinpinon
  • Mindanao
  • New areas for expansion
• Direct use
• China, People's Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
  • Geothermal district heating
  • Geothermal greenhouses
  • Geothermal aquaculture feeding and breeding
  • Hot spring baths, medical care, and hot spring entertainment
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Mongolia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• New Zealand
• Geothermal power generation
• Future developments
• Direct use
• Geothermal resources

8. Europe

• Albania
• Austria
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Belgium
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Bulgaria
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Croatia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Czech Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Denmark
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Finland
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• France
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Georgia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Germany
• Geothermal power generation
• Future developments
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• New production capacity
• Czech Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Greece
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Hungary
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Iceland
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Italy
• Geothermal power generation
• Geothermal resources
• Direct use
• Lithuania
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Macedonia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Netherlands
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Norway
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Poland
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Portugal and the Azores
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Romania
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Russian Federation
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Serbia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Slovak Republic
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Slovenia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Spain
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Sweden
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)
• Switzerland
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Turkey
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• UK
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ukraine
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct us

9. Central America and Caribbean

• Costa Rica
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Dominica
• El Salvador
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Grenada
• Guadeloupe
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Guatemala
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
• Direct use
• Honduras
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Nicaragua
• Geothermal power generation
• Future development
  • Economic benefits of geothermal energy for Nicaragua
  • Geothermal Master Plan for Nicaragua
  • El Najo-Santa Isabel
  • San Jacinto-Tizate
  • Geothermal Rural Electrification
  • Draft of Geothermal Law
  • Main concepts of the draft legislation:
• Direct use
• St. Kitts and Nevis
• St. Lucia
• St. Vincent and the Grenadines

10. Africa

• Kenya
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use
• Ethiopia
• Geothermal power generation
• Direct use

11. Sources and Acknowledgements

12. Geothermal manufacturers

Figures

• Figure 2.1: Loop designs for GSHP
• Figure 2.2: Geothermal power plant
• Figure 2.3: Schematic Diagram of a Dry Steam Power Plant
• Figure 2.4: Flash Steam Power Plant
• Figure 2.5: The CalEnergy Navy I flash geothermal power plant at the Coso geothermal field
• Figure 2.6: Binary Cycle geothermal power plant
• Figure 2.7: Mammoth Pacific binary geothermal power plants, Casa Diablo geothermal field.
• Figure 2.8: HDR technology
• Figure 2.9: The geothermal resource
• Figure 2.10: World high temperature geothermal areas
• Figure 3.1: Development of direct use of geothermal energy, 1995 to 2005
• Figure 3.2: Electricity generating capacity (MW) from geothermal energy, 1975 to 2005
• Figure 3.3: Geothermal power generation installed capacity (MW), 2000 and 2005
• Figure 3.4: Geothermal plant capacity by technology, 2005.
• Figure 4.1: Geothermal manufacturing companies market share.
• Figure 6.1: NCPA Power Plant 2 at The Geysers, Winter 2005
• Figure 6.2: Geothermal Resources in the United States.
• Figure 6.3: Unit sales of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) in the United States,
• Figure 6.4: Geothermal fields in Mexico
• Figure 7.1: Geothermal resources in Indonesia
• Figure 7.2: List of existing geothermal power plants.
• Figure 7.3: Location of geothermal resources.
• Figure 7.4: Installed Philippine geothermal capacity (MW) 1977-2004.
• Figure 7.5: Geothermal Service Contract Areas of the Philippines.
• Figure 8.1: Sales of GSHP units in Germany, 1996 to 2005
• Figure 8.2: Breidholts swimming pool, geothermally heated bathing in Iceland
• Figure 8.3: Some geothermal areas in the Russian Federation
• Figure 9.1: Geothermal resources in Costa Rica
• Figure 9.2: Geothermal fields in Guatemala

Tables

• Table 3.1: Direct use of geothermal energy by country, 1995-2000.
• Table 3.2: Uses of direct thermal energy by type of use, capacity (MW), and utilisation (TJ),
• Table 3.3: Number of Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) by major country, 2006
• Table 3.4: Geothermal installed power capacity and number of units by country,
• Table 3.5: Geothermal plants by technology: units, capacity (MW), 2005
• Table 5.1: Direct Capital Costs (US$/kW installed capacity)
• Table 5.2: Unit cost of power (US