Nuclear Report Ed 1 2007

SUMMARY

Introduction

• Nuclear power is back on the menu for 20 countries as a potential base load generator
• In 2007 there are 442 nuclear power reactors in operation in 38 countries, with total generating capacity of 370,721 MW
• The first commercial nuclear power plant was commissioned in the UK in 1956 and by 2005 nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's primary energy consumption and 9% of electricity generation
• Nuclear power has not fulfilled early expectations and there was a brown out of nuclear power in the 1970s and 1980s, stations were shut down and several countries declared moratoria on it, for various reasons, not least being public safety fears
• Nuclear power has been bedevilled by political perceptions, but other sources of power are now being subjected to similar scrutiny
• The environmental fight against fossil fuels is heating up, and informed people are starting to ask questions about what renewables will be able to achieve
• Nuclear power stations are highly efficient, being operated at higher load factors than thermal or hydro stations
• Nuclear power generates almost zero GHG emissions
• The public has always been more afraid of nuclear power than the industry, and is largely unaware of the difference between the so-called "nuclear legacy" from the 1960s and 1970s, and the sophisticated “back-end” measures being engineered into modern nuclear plants

Report Scope

• The report looks at the global nuclear energy market, past, present and future
• It looks at the countries considering Nuclear Power
• It provides country profiles
• The statistics of nuclear energy and power
• The nuclear fuel cycle and supply
• The safety and environmental issues
• The history and economics
• The nuclear power utilities and nuclear power manufacturing companies are as listed
• As are the international associations and organisations
• The report provides a global overview and comprehensive data

Key Research Findings

• Many industrialised countries are facing a shortfall in base load power as existing fossil fuel and nuclear fleets reach the end of their lives
• Environmental awareness is giving nuclear a new impetus
• There are many uncertainties about the economics and future of nuclear energy
• Nuclear power plants are expensive to build but standard designs are reducing costs
• Nuclear power plants have long lead times from concept to grid, decisions are urgent now
• The public perception of nuclear power is not a positive one but in some “anti” countries the public has turned around, e.g. Finland
• No less than 20 countries are rethinking their positions on nuclear power
• Coal has already rebounded and nuclear may well do the same

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary

2. Status of Nuclear Power, Past Present and Future

• Future Nuclear Capacity
• Countries Considering Nuclear Power
• Italy
• Portugal
• Poland
• Belarus
• Ireland
• Turkey
• Iran
• Gulf States
• Israel
• Syria
• Egypt
• Tunisia
• Algeria
• Morocco
• Namibia
• Georgia
• Kazakhstan
• Chile
• Venezuela
• Nigeria
• Bangladesh
• Indonesia
• Vietnam
• Thailand
• Malaysia
• Australia
• New Zealand

3. Statistics of Nuclear Energy and Power

• Load Factors

4. Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supporting Industries

• Front End
• Back End
  • Once-through Fuel Cycle (open fuel cycle)
  • Closed Fuel Cycle, Plutonium Cycle
  • Reprocessing Facilities
  • Waste Disposal
  • Low level Waste (LLW)
  • Intermediate Level Waste (ILW)
  • High Level Waste (HLW)
  • Transuranic Waste (TRUW)
  • Spent Fuel Management
  • Repositories
  • Volume of Spent Fuel and Storage Capacity
  • Interim Storage
  • Reprocessing
  • Environmental Impacts of Reprocessing Spent Fuel
  • The Nuclear Legacy and Decommissioning
  • The Global Picture
  • Uranium Production, Enrichment and Fuel Fabrication Facilities
  • Nuclear Power Facilities

5. Nuclear Technologies

• Generations of Reactors
• Development of Advanced Reactors
• Basic Principles of Nuclear Reaction
  • Fuel
  • Moderator
  • Control Rods
  • Coolant
  • Pressure Vessel or Pressure Tubes
  • Steam Generator
  • Containment
• Light Water Reactors
• PWR, Pressurised Water Reactor
• Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
• Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR or CANDU)
• Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR)
• Light Water Graphite-moderated Reactor (RBMK)
• Advanced Reactors
• Breeder Reactors
  • US Reactors
  • French Reactors
  • Japanese Reactors
  • Canadian Reactors
  • Korean Reactors
  • German Reactors
• British Reactors
  • Magnox
• Soviet Reactors
  • RBMK
  • WER
• China
  • Daya Bay
  • Qinshan
  • Ling Ao

6. Risk and Safety Issues and INES, International Nuclear Event Scale

• IAEA Safety Principles
• INES, International Nuclear Event Scale
  • IES, Incident Reporting System
  • Chernobyl (7 on INES scale)
  • Three Mile Island (5 in INES Scale)
  • The Windscale Fire (5 on INES Scale)
• Risk of Explosion
• Environmental Benefits

7. Non-power Uses for Nuclear Energy

• Research Reactors
• Nuclear-Powered Ships
• Civil Nuclear Vessels
• Nuclear Reactors for Space
• Transport and the Hydrogen Economy
• Radioisotopes in Medicine
• Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
• Food Processing and Preservation
• Industrial Applications
• Wastes Treatment
• Radioisotopes in Industry

8. Outline History of Nuclear Energy

• The Pioneering Days of Nuclear Science
• Nuclear Physics in the Soviet Union
• The Atomic Bomb
• The Manhattan Project
• Revival of the 'Nuclear Boiler'
• Nuclear Energy Goes Commercial
• The Nuclear Power Brown-out
• Nuclear Renaissance

9. Uranium Reserves and Production

• Additional Sources of Supply
• Additional Reserves
• A Paradox
• Residual Materials

10. Economics of Nuclear Power

• Externalities of Nuclear Power
• Components of Nuclear Power Costs
• Decommissioning Strategy
• Discounting and the Cost of Capital
• Royal Academy of Engineering Report
• Capital Costs
• MIT Report
• MIT Study (2003) Conclusion
• Base Case

11. Nuclear Power Utilities

• Americas
  • Brazil
  • US
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • Belgium
  • Bulgaria
  • Czech Republic
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Netherlands
  • Romania
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • UK
• CIS
  • Russia
  • Ukraine
• Asia
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Taiwan
• Africa
  • South Africa

12. Nuclear Power Manufacturing Companies, the Global Leaders

• Westinghouse
• GE, General Electric
• Areva
• Mitsubishi
• Toshiba
• Hitachi
• Framatome
• BNFL (British Nuclear Fuels Limited)
• AECL, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
• TVEL
• ATOMSTROYEXPORT

13. International Nuclear Associations and Organisations

• IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency
• WNA, World Nuclear Association
• NEA, Nuclear Energy Agency
• IEA, International Energy Agency
• EAF, European Atomic Forum
• EIA, Energy Information Administration
• WANO, World Association of Nuclear Operators

14. Country Profiles

• North America
• Canada
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Uranium
  • Recent Uranium Developments
  • Canadian Uranium Industry Highlights
  • Federal Environmental Assessment Reviews
  • Radioactive Waste Management
  • Radioactive Waste
  • Nuclear Fuel Waste
  • Low-Level Radioactive Waste
  • Port Hope Area Wastes
  • Radioactive Contamination in Northern Alberta and Northwest Territories
  • Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings
  • Decommissioning Reactors
• History of Nuclear Power in Canada
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Canada
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
  • Ontario
  • New Brunswick
  • Quebec
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• United States
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Uranium Production and Conversion
  • Uranium Enrichment
  • Fuel Fabrication
  • Nuclear Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in the US
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in the US
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
  • Nuclear Steam Supply Systems (NSSS)
  • Equipment and Service Suppliers
• Europe
• Belgium
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Belgium
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Belgium
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Czech Republic
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in the Czech Republic
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in the Czech Republic
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Finland
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History and Structure of the Nuclear Power Industry in Finland
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• France
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in France
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in France
  • Government Authorities
  • Expert Institution
  • Research and Development
  • Nuclear Power Plants Operator
  • Nuclear Plants Construction
  • Fuel Cycle Industry, Including Engineering and Services
  • Mining
  • Conversion
  • Enrichment
  • Fuel Fabrication
  • Reprocessing and Packaging
  • Used Fuel Storage
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Germany
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Germany
  • Historical Development Concerning the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Germany
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Hungary
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Fuel Cycle
  • Spent Fuel
  • Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Hungary
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Hungary
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Italy
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Fuel Transportation
  • Spent Fuel Disposal and Storage
  • Waste Management and Disposal
• History of Nuclear Power in Italy
  • Planning Period
  • Disengagement Period
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Italy
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Lithuania
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
  • Lithuania's Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Lithuania
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Lithuania
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Netherlands
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• Historical Development and Current Nuclear Power Organisational Structure
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Romania
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Romania
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Romania
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Slovakia
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
  • Backfitting of Existing Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Procurement of New Nuclear Fuel
  • Management of Spent Fuel
  • Treatment Disposal of Radwaste
  • Material and Financial Provision of Radwaste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Slovakia
• Safety Authority
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Slovenia
• Overview
• Energy Policy
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Waste Production
  • Storing of Waste
  • Current Policies and Practices
  • Long-term Waste Management
  • Strategy for Long-term Spent Fuel Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Slovenia
• Safety Authority
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Spain
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Spain
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Spain
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
  • Architect Engineers
  • NSSS Manufacturers
  • Other Main Component Suppliers
• Sweden
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Sweden
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Sweden
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Switzerland
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • General Survey
  • Uranium Supply, Enrichment and Reprocessing
  • Waste Management and Storage
  • Centralised Interim Storage of Radioactive Wastes
  • Programme for Disposal of L/ILW
  • Programme for Disposal of HLW and Long-lived ILW
• History of Nuclear Power in Switzerland
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Switzerland
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
  • ABB, Asea Brown Boveri AG
  • Colenco Power Consulting Ltd.
  • Elektrowatt Engineering Services Ltd.
  • GE Nuclear Energy (GETSCO).
• Turkey
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Historical Development and Current Nuclear Power Organisational Structure
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• United Kingdom
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in the UK
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in the UK
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• CIS
• Armenia
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Armenia
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Armenia
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Kazakhstan
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Kazakhstan
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Russia
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of energy production and consumption
• Load factors
• Status of nuclear power plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Uranium mining and milling
  • Uranium conversion
  • Enrichment process
  • Fuel fabrication
• History of nuclear power in Russia
• Structure of the nuclear industry in Russia
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Suppliers of nuclear power plants, equipment and services
  • Architect engineers
  • NSS main suppliers
• Ukraine
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
  • Zaporozhe NPP
  • South-Ukraine NPP
  • Khmelnitski NPP
  • Rovno NPP
  • Chernobyl NPP
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in the Ukraine
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Asia
• China
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in China
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in China
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• India
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in India
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in India
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Indonesia
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Indonesia
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Japan
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Japan
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Japan
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Korea
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Korea
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Korea
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
  • Long-term Nuclear Energy Policy Towards the year 2030
  • Comprehensive Nuclear Energy Promotion Plan
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Pakistan
• General Overview
  • Energy Supplies
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Pakistan
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Pakistan
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
  • Policy and Strategy
  • Achievements
• Vietnam
• General Overview
  • Coal
  • Oil, Gas & Petroleum Products
  • Hydro Power Potential
  • Uranium
  • New and Renewable Energy
  • Geothermal Energy
  • Solar Energy
  • Wind Energy
  • Biomass
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• History of Nuclear Power in Vietnam
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Vietnam
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Rest of the World
• Argentina
• General Overview
  • Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Argentina
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Argentina
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Brazil
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Mining and Milling
• History of Nuclear Power in Brazil
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Brazil
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Iran
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Iran
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Iran
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• Mexico
• General Overview
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
  • Fuel Cycle
  • Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in Mexico
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Mexico
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants
• South Africa
• General Overview
  • Coal
  • Gas and oil
  • Biomass
  • Renewables
  • Solar
  • Wind
  • Hydro
• Energy Policy
• Ratio of Energy Production and Consumption
• Load Factors
• Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Fuel Cycle and Waste Management
• History of Nuclear Power in South Africa
• Structure of the Nuclear Industry in South Africa
• Safety Authority
• Nuclear Development
• Supply of Nuclear Power Plants

15. Sources

List of Tables

• Table 2-1: Status of Commerical Nuclear Power Plants, Current and Planned
• Table 2-2: Nuclear Power Plants Decomissioned
• Table 2-3: Future Nuclear Generating Capacity by Country, MW, 2000 to 2020
• Table 4-1: Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities, 2006
• Table 4-2: World Commercial Reprocessing Capacity, t per year
• Table 5-1: Nuclear Power Plants in Commercial Operation, 2007
• Table 6-1: Detailed Criteria Defining the Levels of the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES)
• Table 7-1: Research Reactors with High-enriched Uranium (HEU) Fuel
• Table 9-1: Uranium required in 2007
• Table 9-2: Major Uranium deposits by counttry, t U
• Table 10-1: Cost of Nuclear Generation, US¢/kWh with 40 year life and 85% Capacity Factor
• Table 10-2: Proportions of Electricity Generating Cost
• Table 10-3: Cost in US£/kWh for Generation by Nuclear, Coal, Gas, 25 and 40 year Life Assumptions
• Table 14-1: Estimated Energy Reserves in Canada
• Table 14-2: Energy Statistics in Canada
• Table 14-3: Load Factors Canada
• Table 14-4: Canadian Nuclear Power Data
• Table 14-5: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Canada
• Table 14-6: Canadian Uranium Data
• Table 14-7: Status of the Nuclear Power Plants of the US
• Table 14-8: Load Factors in the US
• Table 14-9: Table of Operators, US
• Table 14-10: Nuclear Steam Supply Systems, US
• Table 14-11: Load Factors in Belgium
• Table 14-12: Nuclear Power Plants in Belgium
• Table 14-13: Main Nuclear Organisations, Belgium
• Table 14-14: Nuclear Component Suppliers, Contractors and Civil Engineering Companies, Belgium
• Table 14-15: Estimated Energy Reserves, Czech Republic
• Table 14-16: Energy Balance, Czech Republic
• Table 14-17: Load Factors, Czech Republic
• Table 14-18: Status of Nuclear Power Plants, Czech Republic
• Table 14-19: Primary Energy Sources in 2002, Finland
• Table 14-20: 2002 Energy Use, Finland
• Table 14-21: Primary Energy Sources, Finland
• Table 14-22: Energy Statistics, Finland
• Table 14-23: Load Factors in Finland
• Table 14-24: Nuclear Power Plants in Finland
• Table 14-25: Estimated Energy Reserves, France
• Table 14-26: Energy Statistics, France
• Table 14-27: Load Factors in France
• Table 14-28: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in France
• Table 14-29: Estimated Recoverable Energy Reserves in 2000, Germany
• Table 14-30: Load Factors in Germany
• Table 14-31: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Germany
• Table 14-32: Projected Shutdown of Nuclear Power Plants in Germany
• Table 14-33: Estimated Energy Reserves in Hungary
• Table 14-34: Load Factors in Hungary
• Table 14-35: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Hungary
• Table 14-36: Estimated Energy Reserves in Italy
• Table 14-37: Energy Statistics, Italy
• Table 14-38: Load Factors in Italy
• Table 14-39: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Italy
• Table 14-40: Basic Energy Situation in Lithuania
• Table 14-41: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Lithuania
• Table 14-42: Estimated Energy Reserves in the Netherlands
• Table 14-43: Load Factors in the Netherlands
• Table 14-44: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in the Netherlands
• Table 14-45: Load Factors in Romania
• Table 14-46: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Romania
• Table 14-47: Estimated Energy Reserves, Slovakia
• Table 14-48: Effluents into the Environment from Steam Power Plants in Slovakia, Thousands tons
• Table 14-49: Basic Data of Operating Nuclear Power Plants in Slovakia
• Table 14-50: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Slovakia
• Table 14-51: A-1 Bohunice:
• Table 14-52: V-1 Bohunice:
• Table 14-53: V-2 Bohunice:
• Table 14-54: Mochovce:
• Table 14-55: Estimated Energy Reserves, Slovenia
• Table 14-56: Load Factors in Slovenia
• Table 14-57: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Slovenia
• Table 14-58: Amounts of Radioactive Waste in Slovenia by Types and Producers, at end 2002
• Table 14-59: Estimated Energy Reserves, Spain
• Table 14-60: Load Factors in Spain
• Table 14-61: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Spain
• Table 14-62: Estimated Energy Reserves in Sweden
• Table 14-63: Load Factors in Sweden
• Table 14-64: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Sweden
• Table 14-65: NPP Ownership in Sweden
• Table 14-66: Estimated Energy Reserves in Switzerland
• Table 14-67: Load Factors in Switzerland
• Table 14-68: Status and Trends of Nuclear Power Plants in Switzerland
• Table 14-69: Installed Generation Capacity, Turkey
• Table 14-70: National Electricity Data for 2002, Turkey
• Table 14-71: Load Factors in Turkey
• Table 14-72: Gross Domestic Product, UK
• Table 14-73: Estimated Energy Reserves, UK
• Table 14-74: Load Factors in the UK
• Table 14-75: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in the UK
• Table 14-76: Continued Status of Nuclear Power Plants in the UK
• Table 14-77: External Energy Dependency and Load factors in Armenia
• Table 14-78: Nuclear Power Plants in Armenia
• Table 14-79: Estimated Energy Reserves in Kazakhstan
• Table 14-80: Domestic Coal and Oil Production Kazakhstan 2002
• Table 14-81: Load Factors in Kazakhstan
• Table 14-82: Nuclear Reactor Statistics in Kazakhstan
• Table 14-83: Research Reactors, Kazakhstan
• Table 14-84: External energy dependency and load factors for electricity generating plants by energy sources for Russia
• Table 14-85: Nuclear power plants in Russia, 2005
• Table 14-86: Plant load factors, 2003
• Table 14-87
• Table 14-88: Estimated Energy Reserves, Ukraine
• Table 14-89: Energy Statistics, Ukraine
• Table 14-90: Domestic Energy Production, Ukraine
• Table 14-91: Load Factors in Ukraine
• Table 14-92: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Ukraine
• Table 14-93: Basic Design Characteristics, Ukraine
• Table 14-94: Estimated Energy Reserves in China
• Table 14-95: Load Factors in China
• Table 14-96: Description of Nuclear Power Projects in China
• Table 14-97: Main Component Suppliers and their Subsidiary Companies in China
• Table 14-98: Estimated Energy Reserves in India(1)
• Table 14-99: Load Factors in India
• Table 14-100: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in India
• Table 14-101: Estimated Energy Reserves in Indonesia
• Table 14-102: Load Factors in Indonesia
• Table 14-103: Energy Reserves in Japan
• Table 14-104: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Japan
• Table 14-105: Estimated Energy Reserves, Korea
• Table 14-106: Energy Economic Data for Korea
• Table 14-107: The Average Capacity Factor of the Korean Nuclear Power Plants
• Table 14-108: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Korea
• Table 14-109:
• Table 14-110: Energy Reserves in Pakistan
• Table 14-111: Energy Related Ratios Pakistan
• Table 14-112: Nuclear Power Plants in Pakistan, 2005
• Table 14-113: Estimated Energy Reserves in Vietnam
• Table 14-114: Coal Production and Use in Vietnam
• Table 14-115: Projected Coal Production in Vietnam
• Table 14-116: Oil and Gas Production in Vietnam
• Table 14-117: Projected Oil and Gas production in Vietnam
• Table 14-118: Load Factors in Vietnam
• Table 14-119: Energy Statistics of Argentina
• Table 14-120: Load Factors in Argentina
• Table 14-121: Nuclear Power Plants in Argentina
• Table 14-122: Basic Energy Situation in Brazil
• Table 14-123: Load Factors in Brazil
• Table 14-124: Nuclear Power Plants in Brazil
• Table 14-125: Operating Experience of ANGRA 1, Brazil
• Table 14-126: Operating Experience of ANGRA 2
• Table 14-127: NUCLEBRAS Subsidiaries
• Table 14-128: Estimated Energy Reserves in Iran
• Table 14-129: Energy Statistics of Iran
• Table 14-130: Load Factors in Iran
• Table 14-131: Status of Nuclear Power Plants
• Table 14-132: Estimated Energy Reserves in Mexico
• Table 14-133: Load Factors in Mexico
• Table 14-134: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Mexico
• Table 14-135: Estimated Energy Reserves in South Africa
• Table 14-136: Load Factors in South Africa
• Table 14-137: Status of Nuclear Power Plants in South Africa
• Table 14-138: Koeberg Operating Parameters

List of Figures

• Figure 2-1: Future Nuclear Generating Capacity by Region, MW, 2000 to 2020
• Figure 3-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption, Mtoe, 1965-2005
• Figure 3-2: Nuclear Power Capacity: TWh, 1956 to 2005
• Figure 3-3: Growth of Nuclear Generation of Major Nuclear Producers, TWh, 1965, 1975, 1995, 2005
• Figure 3-4: Consumption of Nuclear Power by Country, TWh, 1965 to 2005
• Figure 3-5: Nuclear Power Plants Around the World
• Figure 3-6: Nuclear Energy as % of Total Energy Consumption and % of Total Electricity, 2005
• Figure 4-1: Once-through fuel cycle
• Figure 4-2: Plutonium cycle
• Figure 4-3: The Global Extent of the Nuclear Based Industries
• Figure 4-4: Sellafield Reprocessing Plant, UK
• Figure 5-1: Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
• Figure 5-2: Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
• Figure 5-3: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR or CANDU)
• Figure 5-4: Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR)
• Figure 6-1: INES, International Nuclear Event Scale
• Figure 6-2: Chernobyl in the Ukraine
• Figure 7-1: UK Nuclear Submarine Layout
• Figure 10-1: Cost of Generating Electricity with Zero Carbon Allowance
• Figure 10-2: Cost of Generating Electricity with CO2 at a Notional Cost of £30 per t
• Figure 10-3: Capital Expenditure in Total Cost of Generating Electricity for Different Energy Sources
• Figure 10-4: Effect on Generating Cost of a ± '20% Change in Fuel Price (Zero Carbon Cost)
• Figure 14-1: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Canada, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-2: Geographical location of Canadian nuclearr power plants, 2005
• Figure 14-3: Structure of the Canadian Nuclear Industry
• Figure 14-4: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, the US, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-5: Location of nuclear power plants in the US, 2007
• Figure 14-6: Structure of the US Nuclear Sector
• Figure 14-7: Nuclear power plants in Europe
• Figure 14-8: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Belgium (and Luxembourg), Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-9: Locations of Nuclear Sites in Belgium
• Figure 14-10: Organisations Covering the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Interfaces
• Figure 14-11: Production of Energy Source and Total Consumption in Czech Republic, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-12: Government Structure for Energy Policy, Czech Republic
• Figure 14-13: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Finland, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-14: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in France, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-15: Nuclear power plants in France 2007
• Figure 14-16: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, Germany, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-17: Nuclear Power Plants in Germany
• Figure 14-18: Participants in the Nuclear Licensing procedure for NPPs, Germany
• Figure 14-19: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Hungary, Mtoe
• Figure 14-20: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Italy, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-21: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Lithuania, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-22: Organisational Chart of Interaction Between Regulatory Bodies and Ignalina NPP
• Figure 14-23: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, the Netherlands, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-24: Production on Energy by Source and Total Consumption, Romania, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-25: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Slovakia, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-26: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Spain, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-27: Nuclear power plants in Spain, 2007
• Figure 14-28: Location of Spanish NPPs
• Figure 14-29: Licensing of Nuclear Installations in Spain
• Figure 14-30: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Sweden, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-31: Structure of the Nuclear Power Sector in Sweden
• Figure 14-32: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Switzerland, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-33: Share of Fuels in Capacity and Production 2002, Turkey
• Figure 14-34: Distribution of Installed Capacity by the Turkish Electricity Utilities in 2002
• Figure 14-35: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, Turkey, Mtoe
• Figure 14-36: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, UK, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-37: Nuclear power plants in the United Kingdom 2007
• Figure 14-38: Structure of the Main Operation's of the UK's Nuclear Power Programme
• Figure 14-39: Location of Electricity Generating Power Plants in Armenia and High Voltage Interconnections with Neighbouring Countries
• Figure 14-40: Domestic Coal and Oil Production, Kazakhstan 2002
• Figure 14-41: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Kazakhstan, Mtoe
• Figure 14-42: Organisational Structure of the Nuclear Sector in Kazakhstan
• Figure 14-43: Production of energy by source and total consumption n Russia, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-44: Status of nuclear power plants
• Figure 14-45: Structure of the nuclear industry in Russia
• Figure 14-46: Energy Production by Source and Total Consumption, Ukraine, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-47: Commissioning of NPPs in Ukraine
• Figure 14-48: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in China, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-49: Nuclear power plants in China 2007
• Figure 14-50: Organisational Chart of the China Atomic Energy Agency
• Figure 14-51: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in India, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-52: Nuclear power plants in India 2007
• Figure 14-53: Organisational Structure of the Nuclear Power Sector in India
• Figure 14-54: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, Indonesia, Mtoe
• Figure 14-55: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Japan, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-56: Nuclear power plants in Japan 2007
• Figure 14-57: Location of Nuclear Power Plants in Japan
• Figure 14-58: Nuclear Fuel Cycle in Japan
• Figure 14-59: Structure of the Nuclear Power Sector in Japan
• Figure 14-60: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, Korea, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-61: Prospects of Power Source Competition, Korea
• Figure 14-62: Main Nuclear-Related Organisations in Korea
• Figure 14-63: Organisation of the Safety Authority in Korea
• Figure 14-64: Structure of the Nuclear Power Industry in Korea
• Figure 14-65: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Pakistan, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-66: Organisational Chart for the National Atomic Authority of Pakistan
• Figure 14-67: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Vietnam, Mtoe
• Figure 14-68: Simplified Organisational Chart of MOST, Vietnam
• Figure 14-69: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption, Argentina, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-70: Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Argentina, Institutional Relationship
• Figure 14-71: Financial Relationships and Fund Movements in the Argentine Nuclear Industry
• Figure 14-72: Technical and Supply Relationships with NASA, Argentina
• Figure 14-73: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Brazil, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-74: Brazilian Nuclear Installations
• Figure 14-75: Structure of the Nuclear Industry in Brazil
• Figure 14-76: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in Iran, Mtoe
• Figure 14-77: Organisational Structure of NNSD, Iran
• Figure 14-78: Production of Energy by Source and Consumption in Mexico, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-79: Organisational Structure of the Mexican Nuclear Power Sector
• Figure 14-80: Production of Energy by Source and Total Consumption in South Africa, Mtoe, 2005
• Figure 14-81: Koeberg NPP
• Figure 14-82: National Radioactive Waste Repository Vaalputs Low-level Radioactive Waste Disposal
• Figure 14-83: National Radioactive Waste Repository Vaalputs Intermediate-level Radioactive Waste Disposal