Fuel Cells for Large Scale Applications

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

This comprehensive technical market report evaluates markets for fuel cellsin large-scale applications, which are broadly defined for purposes of thisreport as applications larger than man-portable systems. Mostly these aresystems that generate more than 1 kW of power. The technical evaluations in thisreport focus on the main types of hydrogen-fed fuel cells as well as themetal-air power cells. The qualitative and quantitative values are exclusive tothe U.S. and North America, but the international aspects of the business offuel cells are not overlooked. Existing and developmental fuel cell technologiesfor large-scale fixed and mobile power applications are evaluated and thecompanies involved are profiled. The goals are to provide meaningfulinformation, unbiased analysis and an assessment of the applications suitablefor fuel cells now and in the future of power generation.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

The future of power generation has already begun. A hundred years ago energymeant steam engines and waterpower. There was plenty to go around. Electricitywas still largely a novelty. Things changed and by mid-century America and mostof the industrialized world were primarily running on electrical energy producedby fossil fuels and hydroelectric power. Hydropower is essentially working atits limit, and Mother Nature can cripple it with a few years of drought. Crudeoil is not an infinite resource. Then the issues of pollution from coal andcrude oil need to be addressed. There is tremendous interest in distributedpower generation, which conserves resources and is both climate- andenvironment-friendly.

Today we are still producing energy pretty much as we did fifty years ago.The picture has changed yet again. Increasing populations and industrializationincrease the demand for energy every year, but the ability to supply that demandis increasingly questionable. The age of fossil-fueled power plants is drawingto a close, due both to dwindling oil reserves and environmental concerns. InAmerica, for example, the 2001 energy crisis in California mingled flawed energypolicies with energy distribution glitches. The Enron scandal revealed as muchabout questionable energy policy manipulation as it did corporate mismanagement.It would appear that, even as we run out of traditional sources of energy,mankind has found ways to complicate the problem through greed andmismanagement.

Man is not likely to change, but it appears that the methods and patterns ofenergy production are going to have to. We shall need more and more power; powerthat is nonpolluting, affordable, plentiful, and adaptable to both stationaryand mobile applications. Hydrocarbons are not the future; they are beingexhausted and their byproducts have polluted the planet. The handwriting is onthe wall. Now what? Fuel cell commercialization opportunities in the U.S. marketare focused in several large-scale areas: re-powering, central power plants,industrial generators, and commercial/residential generators.

We are entering the age of renewable natural power sources-and the fuel cell.Fuel cell technologies are being used for some stationary power, residentialpower and portable power applications. Future applications appear to be possiblein bus engines and car engines. Orders for larger fuel cells to produceelectricity in competition with existing power stations and grid electricitywill emerge in the United States and Europe.

Which fuel cell technology will benefit first and where? Are we truly goingto have a "hydrogen" economy? This BCC, Inc. technical market studyseeks to answer many of the questions surrounding fuel cells in thepower-generation market.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

This technical market report is designed to be as comprehensive as possible.It is created to be useable by a broad audience of business, technical,investment, and regulatory professionals. This document is an information sourcefor an emerging industry as well as a reference on a developing technology. Itpresents analysis and forward thinking evaluations that will be of advantage tomanufacturers, material suppliers, and to local, state, and federal governmententities. Corporate planners will benefit from the report's evaluation of thedemands for large-scale fuel cell applications and the companies involved intheir development and manufacture. Others may well find the broad discussions ofenergy policy and the structure of the electrical power industry in the U.S. ofconsiderable value in understanding the opportunities and problems facing thefuel cell industry over the next decade.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

This technical market report covers large-scale fuel cell applications (allapplications requiring power sources greater than those for hand-held orman-portable devices) through 2007. Smaller-scale applications such as cellphones and laptop computers are examined in the forthcoming BCC, Inc. report,E-118 Fuel Cells for Small Scale Applications.

All hydrogen-fueled fuel cells are evaluated by type in this report.Metal-air power cells appropriate to large-scale applications are also examined.Costs for the various fuel cell materials and configurations are considered. Thevalues cited are lower than some of the billion dollar markets predicted invarious reports. These probably refer to complete systems. In this context, wehave conceptually addressed a common denominator of just the fuel cell stacks.

METHODOLOGY

Initial research for this report included an analysis of available technicaland business literature and an evaluation of available fuel cell industryrecords. Governmental publications, including pertinent studies, analyses,reports and correspondence were examined, including a wide range of materialfrom Federal and state agencies, regulatory bodies, nongovernmentalorganizations and congressional sources. Discussions were held with industryexperts, company representatives, Federal researchers and university scientists.Field trips to civilian and military fuel cell research facilities andlaboratories provided essential data for fuel cell application evaluations.

The dollar "value" of fuel cells for large-scale applications,which appears in various tables throughout the report, includes in addition tosales, all R&D and grant monies provided by governmental or nongovernmentalsources for any developmental purpose. The market value listed as"Federal" is not the monies proposed by the government, but the moneyspent by NASA, Armed Forces, and the Coast Guard on fuel cells. This reportprimarily addresses fuel cells in the U.S., but international factors thatimpact the domestic market are also examined separately. All currency values arein U.S. dollars, and costs are adjusted to reflect this usage. Engineering anddesign, real estate and transportation and shipping costs are excluded.

INFORMATION SOURCES

Additional information sources for this study include online research, patentliterature searches, technical journals and magazines, and interviews withindustry principals. Other sources include product literature from materialproducers and equipment suppliers and the BCC, Inc. monthly newsletter Fuel CellTechnology News.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

• STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
• REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
• CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
• SCOPE AND FORMAT
• METHODOLOGY
• INFORMATION SOURCES
• RELATED BCC, INC. WORK CREDENTIALS
• ABOUT BCC
• CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE
• ADDITIONAL COPIES
• CONSULTING SERVICES
• BCC ON-LINE SERVICES
• INTERNET
• DISCLAIMER

SUMMARY

OVERVIEW

• BACKGROUND
  • FACTORS IN SWITCH TO FUEL CELLS
    • Economics and Efficiency
    • Market Barriers
  • THE ENERGY PROBLEM
    • NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
    • NUCLEAR POWER AND ENERGY CRISES
    • FOSSIL FUEL INDUSTRY
    • A LOOK AT THE ENERGY INDUSTRY AND SOME EMERGING FACTORS
    • The Financial Reporting System (FRS)
      • History
      • Industry Financial Outlook
  • THE COST OF ENERGY
    • CALIFORNIA: WHAT CAN GO WRONG WITH THE GRID
      • Role of Enron
      • Role of California Legislature
      • The California Power Shortage and Fuel Cell Development
      • California Stationary Fuel Cell Collaborative (CASFCC)
  • OTHER FACTORS
    • The Nuclear Power Issue
    • Homeland Security
      • Energy Infrastructure
      • Role of Renewable Energy
    • Development and Population Growth
    • The Yucca Mountain Problem
    • Other Energy Issues Impacting Fuel Cells
  • THE FUEL CELL PROMISE
  • THE SHIFT IN THE ENERGY PARADIGM
• ENERGY SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION
• STRUCTURE OF THE U.S. ENERGY INDUSTRY
  • ENERGY SOURCES IN THE U.S.
  • POWER TRANSACTIONS AND NETWORKS
    • Traditional Utilities
    • Non-utility Power Producers
• REGULATING THE POWER INDUSTRY
• RESTRUCTURING THE POWER INDUSTRY
  • DEREGULATION
    • Economic Factors
    • Technology Improvements
    • Federal and State Initiatives
      • Divestitures
      • Mergers
  • Future Capacity

    • Capacity Margins

• ENERGY CONSUMERS
  • RESIDENTIAL
  • COMMERCIAL
  • INDUSTRIAL
  • OTHER
• FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
  • NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL
  • LEGISLATION
• FUEL CELLS AND THE GOVERNMENT
  • FEDERAL DIRECTION AND FUNDING OF FUEL CELL R&D
  • DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FUNDING
  • THE NATIONAL FUEL CELL R&D CENTER
    • Charter
    • Structure
    • Scope of Participation
  • ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
  • OTHER LEGISLATIVE ACTS TO ENCOURAGE FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT
  • ENERGY INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 2001
    • Major Features
  • DEFINING FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
  • FUEL CELL ELECTROCHEMISTRY
    • Reforming
    • Lifetimes
    • Costing
• HYDROGEN PROGRAM ANNUAL OPERATING PLAN, 2002+
• VALUE OF FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS
• INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK
  • UTC/BUDERUS JOINT VENTURE
  • OTHER UTC VENTURES
    • Petrobras
    • Other Brazil Projects
  • OTHER INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES
    • Japan
      • Automaker Initiative
      • Other Japanese Initiatives
        • H Power Corporation/Mitsui & Co.
        • H Power Corp./Gaz de France
      • Japan Outlook

A BRIEF LOOK AT HYDROGEN

• HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN PRODUCERS
  • PRODUCTION AND USE
    • Producer Capacity
      • Cryogenic Hydrogen
      • Compressed Hydrogen
    • Supply and Demand
  • CONVERSION DATA
  • HYDROGEN PRICES
• TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
  • INORGANIC MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
  • BORAX TO HYDROGEN
  • LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE AND AMMONIA
  • IMPROVED STORAGE
  • HYDROGEN "GAS" STATION
    • Stuart Bus Fueler
    • HOGEN Hydrogen Generator
  • MEMBRANE CONTROLS CARBON OXIDES ELIMINATION
  • BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
• VENTURE CAPITAL DEVELOPMENTS

FUEL CELLS BY TYPE

• FUEL PROCESSING
  • LIFE CYCLE COSTS
  • HYBRIDS
    • Microturbine Cogeneration
    • Pressurized Hybrid System
• PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL
  • LEGACY TECHNOLOGY
  • DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL
    • Partial Reformate System
    • Improvements in Methanol Feed
    • Conductive Polymer
  • PERFORMANCE AND CONSTRUCTION
    • Crossover
    • Collectors
    • Water Balance
    • Membranes
      • Ceramic Membranes
      • Glass Membrane
      • Hetropolyacid Membrane
      • High Conductivity Membrane
      • Metallized Bio-Cellulosic Membrane
  • Membrane Electrode Assembly
    • Bipolar Plates
    • Plastic Plate with Needles
    • Integrated Pilot Process
  • OPERATION
    • Component
  • ELECTROLYSIS
    • Nexa Module
    • Reformer Removes Carbon Monoxide
  • TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
    • Shrink Wrap Stops Leaks
    • Closed-Loop Power Generation
    • Unitized Regenerative Stacks
      • HyPort
    • Carbon Monoxide Filter
    • Enzyme Active Transport Membrane
  • COST CONCERNS
  • PEM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
    • PEM Industry Participants
      • Avista Labs
        • H2fuel
      • Ballard Power Systems, Inc.
      • Dais-Analytic Corp.
      • DCH Technology
      • EC Power/Sorapec
      • ElectroChem, Inc.
      • H Power Corp.
      • Hydrogenics Corp.
      • IdaTech Corp.
      • Lynntech, Inc.
      • McDermott Technology, Inc.
      • Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp./MER
      • Mosaic Energy, Inc.
      • NexTech Materials, Ltd.
      • Never Fuel Cells, Inc.
      • Plug Power, Inc.
      • PowerZyme Inc.
      • Proton Energy Systems, Inc.
      • Teledyne Energy Systems
      • UTC Fuel Cells
      • Whistler, Inc.
      • Other
• SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
  • LEGACY TECHNOLOGY
  • OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
  • COMPONENTS
    • Electrolyte
    • Electrodes
      • Improved Electrodes
    • Interconnects
      • Newer Ceramic Interconnects
      • Conductive Adhesive Interconnects
    • Composite Sealant Materials
  • STIRLING ENGINES
  • UK-JAPAN DEVELOPMENT
  • CONFIGURATIONS
    • Planar
    • Tubular
    • Closed End Ceramic Tubes
    • Flat Plate Design
    • Monolithic
  • TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
    • Cost Reduction
    • High Performance Electrocatalyst
    • Temperature Reduction
    • Improved Oxygen Transport
  • STRUCTURE OF THE SOFC SECTOR
    • SOFC Industry Participants
    • Acumentrics Corp.
    • Altair International Corp.
    • Ceramatec, Inc.
    • Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd.
    • Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd.
    • Gas Technology Institute (GTI)
    • GE Power Systems
    • GE Fuel Cell Systems
    • Global Thermoelectric, Inc.
    • Global Thermoelectric US Sales
    • Hilton Power Ltd.
    • Hydrovolt Energy Systems Inc.
    • McDermott Technology, Inc.
    • NexTech Materials, Ltd.
    • Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp.
    • Sulzer Hexis Ag
    • Zytek Corp.
    • Other
  • MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS
    • LEGACY TECHNOLOGY
    • AIR EMISSION IMPACTS
    • DESIGN ISSUES
    • EXTERNAL MANIFOLD
    • INTERNAL MANIFOLD
    • ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS
    • ANODE PROCESS
    • COATED CATHODES
    • PERFORMANCE
    • TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
      • Lowered Manufacturing Costs
      • Improved Operating Lifetimes
    • STRUCTURE OF THE MCFC SECTOR
      • Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Industry Participants
        • Ansaldo Fuel Cells SPA
        • FuelCell Energy
        • Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI)
        • Other
  • PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELLS
    • OPERATIONAL ISSUES
      • Water Management
    • TECHNOLOGY/TRENDS
      • Altering the Catalyst
      • Electrolyte and Operating Temperature
      • PC25 Power Plant Options
    • STRUCTURE OF THE PAFC SECTOR
      • Industry Participants
        • UTC Fuel Cells
        • Other
• ALKALINE FUEL CELLS
  • OPERATING CONDITIONS
  • OPERATING COSTS
  • ELECTRODES
  • ALTERNATIVE HYDROGEN SUPPLY
  • COMMERCIAL UNITS
  • STRUCTURE OF THE ALKALINE FUEL CELL SECTOR
    • Alkaline Fuel Cell Industry Participants
      • Apollo Energy Systems, Inc. (AES)
      • Astris Energy
      • ReGentech
      • UTC Fuel Cells
      • Other
• METAL–AIR POWER CELLS
  • BATTERY MARKET
  • ADVANCED BATTERY AND METAL-AIR POWER CELL PARAMETERS
  • ZINC-AIR
    • Industry Participants
    • AER Energy Resources, Inc.
      • Evionyx
      • Electric Fuel Corp.
      • Metallic Power
      • Other
    • ALUMINUM-AIR

• Technology Status
• Industry Participants

• Aluminum Power/Trimol Group
• Alupower/Yardney
• Fuel Cell Technologies Corp.
• Voltek
• Other

• SUMMARY VALUE OF FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS
  • VALUE OF PEM FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS
  • VALUE OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
  • VALUE OF MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS
  • VALUE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELLS
  • ALKALINE FUEL CELLS VALUE
  • VALUE OF METAL-AIR POWER CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS

LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS FOR FUEL CELLS

• COSTS
• ENERGY: A GROWING PROBLEM
  • LARGE-SCALE APPLICATION PROBLEMS
  • FUEL CELL SOLUTION
  • FIXED POWER GENERATION
  • HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED ELECTRIC UTILITY DATA
  • GRID POWER VS. DISTRIBUTED POWER
• DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION FUEL CELLS
  • RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION MARKETS
  • COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
  • HYBRID FUEL CELL SYSTEMS
  • PC25 COMMERCIAL UNIT
  • FUEL CELL ENERGY AND MCFCs
    • Starwood Hotels and Resorts
    • Advanced Research
    • Los Angeles DWP
    • King County Wastewater Treatment Plant
    • Other Projects
    • Hybrid Concept
  • PEM UNITS NEAR DEBUT
    • H Power Corporation
      • H Power PEM Designs
        • Osaka Field Trials
        • U.S. Rural Cooperative RCUs
        • Kamata RCU
    • DTE Energy Technologies
  • GM AND DISTRIBUTED POWER
  • SOFC IN COGENERATION
    • SOFC Efficiency
    • SOFC Operational Issues
• TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS FOR FUEL CELLS
  • MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION
  • ALTERNATIVE-FUELED VEHICLES
  • LOW OR ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES
  • THE FUELING ISSUE
  • LARGE VEHICLES
  • CONGRESSIONAL ACTION
  • CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP
    • AC Transit
    • Zinc-air Powered Bus
  • PASSENGER VEHICLES
    • FreedomCAR
      • Price Tag
    • Autonomy Concept
    • Chinese Phoenix
    • Focus FCV
    • Community Fueler Portable 450
    • Nissan, Renault, Hyundai and BMW
    • Honda and Toyota
    • Center for Automotive Research
  • FUEL CELL POWERTRAIN DEVELOPMENT
• FEDERAL GOVERNMENT APPLICATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE FUEL CELLS
  • FUEL CELLS FOR THE MILITARY
    • Military Fuel Cell Development
    • Military Power Requirements
    • Military Force Transformation and Impact on Future PowerRequirements
    • Other Service Transformation Initiatives
    • Mobile Electric Power
    • Fixed Applications
      • Initial Fuel Cell Projects
      • PEM Fuel Cell Demonstration Project
    • Miscellaneous Military Applications
      • Land Based Distributed Power
        • Avista Labs/Army Corps of Engineers
        • H Power Corporation/U.S. Air Force
        • Hydrogenics Corp./Canada DND
      • Subsurface Applications
        • Command and Weapons Control
        • Torpedoes
        • Propulsion
        • Type 214
      • VEHICULAR POWER
        • Combat Vehicles
  • ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS
  • NASA
    • Helios
    • Predator
      • Features
      • Background
    • Global Hawk
• SUMMARY VALUE OF APPLICATIONS FOR LARGE-SCALE FUEL CELLS
  • VALUE OF FUEL CELLS IN DISTRIBUTED POWER
  • VALUE OF LARGE-SCALE FUEL CELLS FOR TRANSPORTATION
  • VALUE LARGE-SCALE FUEL CELLS FOR FEDERAL APPLICATIONS

APPENDIX

GLOSSARY OF ENERGY TERMS

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE:
NORTH AMERICAN VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH2007

1 FRS REPORTING COMPANIES, CY 2000

2 U.S. ENERGY SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF FUEL, THROUGH 2020

3 ENERGY SOURCES, TRADITIONAL U.S. UTILITIES, 2001

4 ENERGY SOURCES, U.S. NON-UTILITIES, 2001

5 U.S. UTILITY OWNERSHIP, 2001

6 OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY DIRECTIVES

7 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RESOURCES

8 KEY ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY TRANSPORTATION PROGRAMS

9 RECENT LEGISLATION TO ENCOURAGE FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENTS

10 PROGRAMS FOR IMPROVING HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL ADVANCEMENTS

11 USES OF HYDROGEN GAS

12 PRODUCERS AND CAPACITY FOR CRYOGENIC HYDROGEN IN U.S., 2001

13 PRODUCERS AND CAPACITY FOR COMPRESSED HYDROGEN IN U.S., 2001

14 HYDROGEN CONVERSION DATA

15 HYDROGEN PRICE ESTIMATES, 2001

16 POLYMERS USED AS ION CONDUCTORS IN PEM FUEL CELLS

17 ELECTROLYTES FOR SOFC

18 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR SOFCs BY CONFIGURATION TYPE, THROUGH 2007

19 AIR EMISSIONS COMPARISONS IN U.S., 2001

20 IHI INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT TARGETS FOR MCFC 2002

21 PC25 POWER PLANT OPTIONS

22 PC25 PERFORMANCE DATA

23 PARAMETERS COMPARISON FOR SOME BATTERIES & METAL-AIR POWER CELLS

24 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR LARGE-SCALEAPPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2007

25 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR PEM FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS,THROUGH 2007

26 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALEAPPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2007

27 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE SCALEAPPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2007

28 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALEAPPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2007

29 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALKALINE FUEL CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALEAPPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2007

30 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR METAL-AIR POWER CELLS FOR LARGE-SCALEAPPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2007

31 AVERAGE PRICES FOR ELECTRICITY IN U.S. BY SECTOR, 1970-2007

32 AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH OF ELECTRICITY USAGE BY TYPE IN THE U.S.,1970-2007

33 HOUSING UNIT STARTS IN THE U.S., THROUGH 1999

34 CONDOMINIUM STARTS IN THE U.S., THROUGH

35 COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN THE U.S., 1995

36 U.S. MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS, THROUGH 2002

37 ALTERNATIVE-FUELED VEHICLES IN USE IN U.S. BY FUEL TYPE, 1998-2000

38 U.S. AIR FORCE TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVES

39 DOD GENERATOR SET COSTS, 2001 INVENTORY

40 BENEFITS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC POWERTRAIN

41 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREDATOR SYSTEM

42 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR LARGE-SCALE FUEL CELLS BY APPLICATIONS,THROUGH 2007

43 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR FUEL CELLS IN DISTRIBUTED POWER BY TYPE,THROUGH 2007

44 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR FUEL CELLS IN TRANSPORTATION BY TYPE, THROUGH2007

45 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR LARGE SCALE FEDERAL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH2007

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE:
NORTH AMERICAN VALUE OF FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH2007

1 ENERGY SOURCES, TRADITIONAL U.S. UTILITIES, 2001

2 ENERGY SOURCES, U.S. NON-UTILITIES, 2001

3 U.S. UTILITY OWNERSHIP, 2001

4 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY WATER ELECTROLYSIS

5 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR SOFCs BY CONFIGURATION TYPE, 2000 AND 2007

6 ENERGY DENSITY COMPARISON

7 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR FUEL CELLS BY TYPE FOR LARGE-SCALEAPPLICATIONS, 2000 AND 2007

8 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR LARGE-SCALE FUEL CELLS BY APPLICATIONS, 2000AND 2007

9 ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY END USE SECTOR, 1988-2007

10 ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR TRANSPORTATION 1988-2007