Merchant Hydrogen Generation and On-Site Distributed Generation

SUMMARY

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Hydrogen is now a major energy source, and an important chemical feedstock for a multitude of key industrial processes. Customers are thereforelooking for reliable cost-effective supply options, among them, the utilization of hydrogen from merchant and onsite gas suppliers, and small hydrogengenerators onsite at end-user facilities. Together they meet the needs of users in fats and oils, specialty chemicals, metals, glass and powerutilities. Onsite hydrogen generators will increase and boost productivity and enhance product quality for these end users.

This comprehensivereport about merchant and onsite analyzes, evaluates, assesses and quantifies the U.S. market for merchant and onsite hydrogen generation. Itquantifies merchant and onsite demand by hydrogen production technology, by end-use application, by segment of industry, by feedstock, by companytechnology and by output of gas purification technology respectively. It also looks at the international scene with due consideration given to therelationships between the major producers and consumers.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

While gas cylinders are the most widely used method of hydrogen delivery, they suffer from a number of major drawbacks, including the potential tocause serious injury, either through misuse or ignorance of the dangers involved in working with high-pressure gases. Bulk delivery of liquid hydrogenis likely to remain more expensive than the bulk delivery of other fuels.

Onsite distributed hydrogen generation either by small 'on-demand', orintermediate size generators, however, ensure that the end user has complete control over the gas supply. Once installed, the gas is always availablewhen it is needed. They also free the immediate vicinity of bulk cylinders and avoid the hazards and time involved in moving cylinders into and out ofthe building.

The availability of onsite hydrogen generators also opens the possibility for a hydrogen supply system based upon renewable energy(such as hydro, biomass or wind), facilitating the prospect for zero or near zero-emissions of greenhouse gases in stationary and transportationapplications respectively.

Adding to the considerations of hydrogen supply is the fact that over nine major automakers plan to commercialize fuelcell vehicles in the 2003 to 2008 timeframe. Legislation and regulations on the storage and handling of high-pressure flammable gases withinindustrial premises and laboratories will tighten over the next 5 years to 2008.

There are many routes to produce hydrogen from renewable energysources. Hydrogen can be produced renewably from a variety of biomass feedstock such as agricultural crops and wastes, sewage sludge or municipalsolid waste by thermo chemical or biological processes, which can breakdown complex molecules into simpler molecules including hydrogen. Thethermo-chemical processes involve pyrolysis or generate a syngas mixture, similar to that from steam reformation of natural gas, followed by theseparation of the hydrogen. The thermo chemical processes are nearer to commercial viability than the biological processes. Hydrogen may also beproduced renewably from solar and wind by first producing electricity via photovoltaic cells or wind turbines, followed by the electrolysis of water.Wind and solar resources are much larger than biomass resources and it would therefore be possible to produce electrolytic hydrogen in most areas ofthe United States.

In most locations where a hydrogen distribution infrastructure does not exist, methods of generating hydrogen at the point of usewill be necessary and small scale onsite hydrogen generators are a way to start building a hydrogen infrastructure, while ensuring continuousproductivity of valuable industrial products. Furthermore, these technologies provide the flexibility to match supply and demand for hydrogen in theearly years of fuel cell commercialization.

Therefore the main reasons for carrying out this study are:

• To investigate and assess the future use of merchant hydrogen utilization and onsite distributed generation, the latter being the key enablingtechnology towards establishing hydrogen as a major chemical constituent and energy source.

• To analyze the structure of the industry and assess the key players, channels of distribution, key customer values and purchasing influences andindicate how environmental regulations and alliances would affect the sale of hydrogen generators.

• To evaluate the factors necessary for deciding the most appropriate hydrogen generator size and the required purity.

• To determine the extent of the impact of the onsite hydrogen generator market on the merchant hydrogen industry.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

Onsite hydrogen distributed generation offers a pathway to a gradual build-up of the hydrogen supply infrastructure in lock step with stringentenvironmental regulations, the growth of fuel cell vehicle sales, and the increased quality requirements for power generator cooling, food andbeverage processing, iron and steel production, microelectronics manufacturing, and glass processing. Thus the onsite hydrogen generators may enablethese key industrial sectors to closely match the supply and demand for hydrogen, more so in fuel cells during the early years of thecommercialization of fuel cell vehicles without having to risk the large amounts of capital needed for large-scale hydrogen production facilities.

Thestudy will therefore be useful to project managers, utility/staff engineers, business development engineers, marketing managers, company directors,business professionals, consulting agencies, strategic planners, forecasters, new product and business developers, business angels, technologyentrepreneurs, decision makers in the industrial gases, chemical, petroleum and energy industries as well as government agencies, venture capitalistsand those involved in research and development work.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

This BCC report provides a comprehensive assessment and evaluation of the current and near-term market for merchant hydrogen utilization and onsitehydrogen generation, including technical developments to meet the forecasted market. The report is divided into eight main sections.

It begins withan overview of the merchant and onsite hydrogen generation industry. The overview describes the importance of merchant and onsite hydrogen generationin relation to industrial processing and energy production, including a brief history and important indications for the industry. The U.S. merchantand onsite hydrogen generation market is reviewed, including end-user applications.

The report then analyzes the structure of the merchant andonsite hydrogen generation business/industry, its competitive, and driving forces, important strategies for staying competitive and important shiftsin the industry. It considers the market for key onsite hydrogen generation, including the purification options for the hydrogen output. Alsoconsidered are concentration factors, market dynamics and trading, and market entry barriers. The role of merchant and onsite hydrogen generation inthe development of a diversified and secure hydrogen economy is discussed. Also considered are the role of government and the financial and economiceffects of fiscal policy on the growth of the merchant and onsite hydrogen generation business. Other aspects covered in this section include marketsegmentation/fragmentation, channels of distribution, pricing economics, engineering capabilities and technological expertise, and purchasinginfluences.

The study then assesses the revenues from the sale of merchant-utilized, and merchant- and onsite-distributed hydrogen by product,including packaged in cylinders; dispersed, small-sized "on-demand" plants; liquid; and onsite/pipelines, with forecasts through 2008.

Followingthis, the market is quantified by end-use application in petroleum refining, manufacturing (specialty chemicals, metallurgy, food, electronics,utilities and research and development), and in transportation (fuel cells, internal combustion and space transportation), with forecasts through2008.

The merchant and onsite hydrogen market is then evaluated by technology, including the capital cost of equipment such as compressors,dispensers, pumps and vaporizers respectively, with forecasts to 2008. It also analyzes the hydrogen generation technology operating costs byfeedstock and by generation technology, including steam methane reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, electrolysis and other processes withforecasts to 2008. The revenue and cost by recovery and purification technology is evaluated including adsorption, cryogenic, membrane and otherprocesses with forecasts to 2008.

The technology section provides details of the technologies for producing hydrogen and delivering it. It looks atthe safety aspects, technology developments, product development and important approaches for hydrogen deployment. It also discusses advances inhydrogen transportation, storage and utilization technologies and then carries out a patent evaluation of hydrogen generation processes. U.S.Investment in hydrogen infrastructure technologies is quantified including the various funding methods. Details of the industry giants in research anddevelopment in hydrogen technology are provided, including contacts. The technology for small-sized on-demand onsite hydrogen generation is providedas these are increasing the possibility of a distributed hydrogen economy.

The international scene is then evaluated by geographical region. Itlooks at the developing onsite hydrogen fueling industry by identifying the location, type of generating system and the major program responsible forits deployment and goes on to look also at the international merchant hydrogen market.

Companies involved in the worldwide business of supplying andutilizing hydrogen generation are profiled including stack components, reformers/processors and components, integrated fuel cell systems, sales,installation, distribution, service, electrolyzers, storage, utilities and energy distribution, and detection/sensors, respectively.

METHODOLOGY

In this report, both historic and current data have been utilized for analyzing the market for merchant and onsite hydrogen generators. The resultsof the calculations presented here are therefore based on three components; a historic analysis of the global market in the period 2000 to 2003;estimates for 2003, and forecasted market scenarios for the 2003 to 2008 time frames. The report also gives estimates of the market for merchant andonsite hydrogen generators by size of unit.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

• STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
• REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
• CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
• SCOPE AND FORMAT
• METHODOLOGY
• AUTHOR CREDENTIALS
• RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS
  • REPORTS
  • MONTHLY NEWSLETTERS
• BCC ON-LINE SERVER

SUMMARY

• KEY FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY
• Summary Table:
  U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Summary Figure:
  U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

• INTRODUCTION
• EMERGING AND POSSIBLE NEW MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION APPLICATIONS
  • THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
  • ENERGY SHARING
  • UTILITY COMPANIES
• OVERVIEW OF U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES
• OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION
  • STEAM REFORMING OF NATURAL GAS
  • STEAM GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS
  • RENEWABLE ONSITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
• OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE
• Table 1 OVERVIEW OF U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN BY MARKET SEGMENT APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN RECOVERY/PURIFICATION
• Table 2 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN RECOVERY/PURIFICATION
• Table 2 (CONTINUED)
  • VARIOUS INDICATORS FOR THE ENERGY MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION INDUSTRY
    • FEDERAL GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENTS
      • President Bush Commits $1.2 Billion to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Development
      • U.S. Senate Panel Approves $3 Billion Hydrogen Research Bill
    • INTERESTING COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
      • Rockwell Automation/Air Liquide America LP
      • Hydrogen Infrastructure Development Success
      • Ammonia-Hydride Hydrogen Generator for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems
      • Prototype Hydrogen Generator for Cars and Remote Locations
      • Low Cost Hydrogen Production Platform
      • Merchant and Onsite Hydrogen Supply to Gas Station
      • Onsite Hydrogen Purifier
      • Process Control Systems
    • GLOBAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
      • North America
• Table 3 GROWTH IN MAJOR U.S. INDICES, 1999-2003 (%)
  • Western Europe
  • Asia
  • Rest of the World
  • Latin America
  • Africa and the Middle East
  • WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
• Table 4 WORLD POPULATION AND ENERGY USE (1853-2008)
• Table 5 HISTORICAL GROWTH RATES, %/YEAR (1850-2008)
• Table 6 WORLD POPULATION, WEALTH (GNP), AND ENERGY USE BY INCOME LEVEL
  • HISTORY OF THE HYDROGEN INDUSTRY
    • THE LAST DECADE
    • THE YEARS OF CHANGE AND GROWTH
    • A POSSIBLE HYDROGEN ECONOMY IN THE YEARS AHEAD
  • THE MAJOR APPLICATIONS FOR MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN
• Table 7 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION MARKETS/APPLICATIONS
• Table 7 (CONTINUED)
  • FUTURE OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION
    • FUTURE OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE...(CONTINUED)

• INTRODUCTION
• COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROGEN GENERATION ECONOMY
• Table 8 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
• Table8 (CONTINUED)
  • BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES
• Table 9 KEY DRIVERS AFFECTING THE HYDROGEN GENERATION ECONOMY
  • LARGE-VOLUME HYDROGEN ON A SMALL SCALE (DISPERSED PRODUCTION)
  • MERCHANT HYDROGEN INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
• Table 10 LEADING PLAYERS IN MERCHANT HYDROGEN MARKETS, 2002
  • AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS
  • PRAXAIR
  • AIR LIQUIDE
  • BOC
  • LINDE
• Table 11 U.S. MERCHANT HYDROGEN AND ONSITE SHARES, BY MAJOR COMPANY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • STRENGTHS OF THE MERCHANT HYDROGEN SUPPLIERS
    • STABLE EARNINGS
      • Strong Profitability
  • MERCHANT HYDROGEN SUPPLIERS EXPERIENCE IMPORTANT SHIFTS IN INDUSTRIAL GASES INDUSTRY
    • PRICE INCREASES
    • CAPACITY UTILIZATION
    • CHANGES IN THE PACKAGED CYLINDER BUSINESS
    • ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
  • MARKET ENTRY AND BARRIERS
  • HYDROGEN PRODUCT SLATE, CUSTOMER, AND REGIONAL DIVERSIFICATION
    • TANSPORTATION SECTOR
    • INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
    • POWER SECTOR
    • CUSTOMER BASE
    • REGIONAL DIVERSIFICATION
• Table 12 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY SUPPLY CHAIN/REGION, 2000-2008 (%)
  • MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN MARKETS
    • MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
    • RENEWABLE ENERGY
  • ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERTISE
  • MARKET SECTOR DRIVERS AND TRENDS
    • HYDROGEN
    • ELECTRONICS
    • TREND TOWARD TONNAGE CONTRACTS
      • Trend Toward Tonnage Contracts (Continued)
  • COMPETITIVE ASPECTS FOR MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION
    • ONSITE HYDROGEN MARKET DRIVERS
      • Environmental Legislation
      • Power Industry Deregulation
      • Technology
      • Hydrogen Powered Automobiles
      • Refinery Hydrogen
      • More Efficient and Cleaner Gasoline and Diesel
  • TECHNICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE ONSITE (DISTRIBUTED) HYDROGEN GENERATION INDUSTRY
    • MEETING CUSTOMER NEEDS
      • Back-up Hydrogen
      • Peak Shaving
      • Primary Hydrogen
      • Stand-alone Hydrogen
      • Co-Generation
  • BUSINESS EVALUATION OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
  • COST REDUCTION IN THE MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION CHAIN
• Figure 1 THE HYDROGEN CHAIN
  • THE MAJOR U.S. INDUSTRIAL GASES PLAYERS
    • AIR LIQUIDE
    • PRAXAIR
    • AIR PRODUCTS
    • BOC
    • AIRGAS
    • MESSER GRIESHAM
    • LINDE/AGA
    • NIPPON SANSO
    • OTHERS
• Table 13 U.S. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL GASES PLAYERS BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2002 ($ BILLIONS)

• INTRODUCTION
• Table 14 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 2 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • PACKAGED IN CYLINDER HYDROGEN MARKET
    • PETROLEUM REFINING
    • MANUFACTURING
    • TRANSPORT
• Table 15 PACKAGED IN CYLIDER HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 3 PACKAGED IN CYLIDER HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • DISPERSED, SMALL-SIZED HYDROGEN "ON-DEMAND" PLANT, MARKETS
    • PETROLEUM REFINING
    • MANUFACTURING
    • TRANSPORT
• Table 16 SMALL-SIZED "ON-DEMAND" HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 4 SMALL-SIZED "ON-DEMAND" HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • BULK LIQUID SHIPMENT HYDROGEN MARKET
    • PETROLEUM REFINING
    • MANUFACTURING
    • TRANSPORT
• Table 17 LIQUID HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 5 LIQUID HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • ONSITE PLANTS AND PIPELINE MARKETS
    • PETROLEUM REFINING
    • MANUFACTURING
    • TRANSPORT
• Table 18 ONSITE PLANTS AND PIPELINE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 6 ONSITE PLANTS AND PIPELINE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

• INTRODUCTION
• Table 19 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 7 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT APPLICATION, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND IN PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY BY END-USE APPLICATION
    • REDUCTION OF AROMATICS IN GASOLINE (REPLACING LOSS OF BY-PRODUCT H2 FROM THE REFORMER)
    • REDUCTION OF HEAVY ENDS
    • REDUCTION OF AROMATICS IN DIESEL
    • REDUCTION OF SULFUR IN DIESEL
• Table 20 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY REFINING TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • MERCHANT HYDROGEN DEMAND IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY BY END-USE APPLICATION
    • UTILITIES
    • SPECIALITY CHEMICALS
    • METALLURGY
    • EDIBLE FATS AND OILS
    • LABORATORY R&D
    • ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
    • GLASS MANUFACTURE
• Table 21 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING END-USE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 8 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING END-USE, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY TRANSPORTATION END-USE APPLICATION
    • FUEL CELLS AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION
    • SPACE TRANSPORTATION
• Table 22 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND IN TRANSPORTATION BY END-USE APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

• INTRODUCTION
• CAPITAL COST
  • CAPITAL COST (CONTINUED)
  • PIPELINE TERMINUS
  • STEAM METHANE REFORMER
  • PARTIAL OXIDATION
  • ELECTROLYZER
  • COMPRESSED GAS CYLIDERS
  • STORAGE COMPRESSOR
  • BOOST COMPRESSORS
  • GAS DISPENSERS
  • LIQUID DISPENSER
  • STORAGE REGULATOR VALVE
  • PUMP AND VAPORIZER
• Table 23 U.S. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPITAL COST, THROUGH 2008 ($/ITEM)
• Table 23 (CONTINUED)
  • OPERATING COSTS
    • NATURAL GAS
    • LIQUID HYDROGEN (BULK)
    • ELECTRICITY (ON-PEAK)
    • ELECTRICITY (OFF-PEAK)
    • O&M
    • LABOR
    • CATALYSTS
• Table 24 MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION OPERATING COST, THROUGH 2008
  • MERCHANT AND ONSITE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
    • STEAM METHANE REFORMING
    • PARTIAL OXIDIZATION OF HEAVY OIL
    • COAL GASIFICATION
    • WATER ELECTROLYSIS
    • OTHER
• Table 25 MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN PLANT INVESTMENT BY TYPE OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PLANT SIZE, THROUGH 2003
• Table 26 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
    • PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
    • CRYOGENICS
    • MEMBRANES
    • OTHER
• Table 27 U.S. HYDROGEN DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 9 U.S. HYDROGEN DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 28 U.S. COST OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY RECOVERY/PURIFICATION ($/1000 STANDARD CUBIC FEET OF HYDROGEN)

TECHNOLOGY

• INTRODUCTION
• THERMOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
  • ADIABATIC PRE-REFORMING
  • TUBULAR (OR PRIMARY) REFORMING
  • ADVANCED REFORMING
  • SULFUR-PASSIVATED REFORMING
  • AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING (CATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION)
  • TWO-STEP REFORMING OR COMBINED TUBULAR/SECONDARY REFORMING
  • HEAT EXCHANGE REFORMING
  • CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) REFORMING OF METHANE
  • PLASMA REFORMING
  • NON-CATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION
  • BIOMAS GASIFICATION AND PYROLYSIS
  • HYDROGEN SHIFT CONVERSION AND METHANATION
    • Shift Conversion
    • Methanation
  • PARTIAL OXIDATION INTEGRATED CERAMIC MEMBRANE REACTOR
• ELECTROLYTIC PROCESSES
  • WATER ELECTROLYSIS
  • SOLID POLYMER WATER ELECTROLYSIS (SPE)
  • REVERSIBLE FUEL CELLS/ELECTROLYZERS
• PHOTOLYTIC PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
  • PHOTOBIOLOGICAL
  • PHOTOELECTROLYSIS
• CATALYSTS TECHNOLOGY
  • FEED PURIFICATION
  • REFORMING/PARTIAL OXIDATION
  • CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) CONVERSION
  • METHANATION
• HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
  • LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY
  • COMPRESSION TECHNOLOGY
• HYDROGEN HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES
• Table 29 SELECTED SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN IN COMPAROSON TO OTHER FUELS/PRODUCTS
  • HYDROGEN SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY
    • HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY
      • Transport in Liquid Form
      • Gaseous Distribution
      • Mass Storage Systems
    • CHALLENGES IN HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION
      • Centralized vs. (Onsite) Decentralized
      • Analyzing Hydrogen Distribution Options
      • Industry Irony: Improving Diesel Fuels Could Increase Hydrogen Availability
  • TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
• Table 30 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
• Table 30 (CONTINUED)
• Table 30 (CONTINUED)
• Table 30 (CONTINUED)
  • PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
• Table 31 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/APPROACHES
• Table 31 (CONTINUED)
  • PROCESSES/APPLICATIONS
• Table 32 PROCESSES/APPLICATIONS
• Table 32 (CONTINUED)
• Table 32 (CONTINUED)
  • ADVANCES IN HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
    • COMPRESSED GAS STORAGE TANKS
      • Hydrides (High and Low Temperature)
      • Gas-on-Solid Adsorption
    • HYDROGEN UTILIZATION AND ITS ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
      • Fuel Cells
      • Internal Combustion Engines
      • Hydrogen Sensors
  • PATENT EVALUATION
    • SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION AND PREPARATIONS
    • CATALYTIC SYSTEMS
    • SEPARATION/PURIFICATION SYSTEMS
    • REACTOR AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS
    • CONVERSION PROCESSES
    • ENERGY AND POWER SYSTEMS
    • PRODUCTION/PURIFICATION SYSTEMS
    • OTHER RELATED SYSTEMS
• Table 33 U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2002 (NUMBER)
  • U.S. INVESTMENT IN HYDROGEN/INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGIES
    • FUNDING METHODS
    • CORE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPORTING INITIATIVES
    • PUBLIC-PRIVATE COOPORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS
      • Stationary and Distributed Generation Partnership
      • Transportation and Infrastructure Partnership
    • HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY (ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT) FUNDING
      • Production and Delivery
      • Storage
      • Infrastructure Validation
      • Fuel Processor R&D
• Table 34 H.R. 6 U.S.HYDROGEN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY FUNDING, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 34 (CONTINUED)
  • LEADERS IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN HYDROGEN GENERATION TECHNOLOGY
• Table 35 SELECTED RESEARCHERS IN FUEL CELLS THAT UTILIZE HYDROGEN
• Table 35 (CONTINUED)
  • SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
  • SCHAFER CORPORATION
  • SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT
  • GE ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL
  • HARVEST ENERGY TECHNOLOGY INC.
  • IMPCO TECHNOLOGIES INC
  • BC HYDRO
  • GENERAL HYDROGEN CORPORATION
  • QUESTAIR TECHNOLOGIES INC
  • DYNETEK INDUSTRIES LTD
  • SYNERGY TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
  • CANMET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
  • UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
  • STUART ENERGY SYSTEMS
  • ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL
  • UNIVERSITE DE QUEBEC A TROIS-RIVIERES
  • ASPEN SYSTEMS LNC
  • E-TEK INC
  • NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
  • THERMO TECHNOLOGIES
  • PRAXAIR INC
  • PROTON ENERGY SYSTEMS
  • GENERAL MOTORS
  • ERGENICS INC.
  • IEEE
  • MILLENNIUM CELL INC.
  • PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
  • SAMMER POWER SYSTEMS INC.
  • JOHNSON MATTHEY INC
  • COMPANY TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERTISE
    • ANALYTIC POWER CORP.
    • HENDERSON INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
    • ARCHON INDUSTRIES INC.
    • PRESSURE DYNAMIC CONSULTANTS, INC.
    • HYDROGEN SYSTEMS NV
    • ENRG
    • GENERAL MOTORS
    • AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
    • JOHNSON MATTHEY PLC
    • MILLENNIUM CELL, INC.
    • THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC CO.
    • THE SHATZ ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER (SERC)
    • BLACKLIGHT POWER, INC.
    • CATALYTICA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC
    • EMEX CORPORATION
    • CONVERGENCE RESEARCH
    • ENERGY INTERNATIONAL
    • ENERGY RESEARCH COMPANY
    • RLW ANALYTICS, INC.
    • SUNPOWER
    • T/J TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
    • TRANS IONICS CORPORATION

INTERNATIONAL

• INTRODUCTION
• INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
  • IEA
  • EURO-QUEBEC
  • EUROPEAN EIHP PROJECT
• GLOBAL R&D INVESTMENT IN HYDROGEN GENERATION INFRASTRUCTURE
• Table 36 GLOBAL R&D INVESTMENT IN HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 37 SMALL SCALE "ON-DEMAND'' HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS
• Table 37 (CONTINUED)
• Table 37 (CONTINUED)
  • U.S. CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN
• Table 38 U.S. HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)
  • GLOBAL HYDROGEN DEMAND BY REGION
    • NORTH AMERICA HYDROGEN DEMAND
    • EUROPEAN HYDROGEN DEMAND
    • ASIAN HYDROGEN DEMAND
    • REST-OF-WORLD HYDROGEN DEMAND
• Table 39 GLOBAL HYDROGEN DEMAND BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)
• Figure 10 GLOBAL HYDROGEN DEMAND BY REGION, 2000-2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)

COMPANY PROFILES

• ASSOCIATIONS AND AGENCIES
  • THE CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD
  • THE PARTNERSHIP FOR A NEW GENERATION OF VEHICLES (PNGV)
    • The Partnership for a New Generation...(Continued)
  • THE NATIONAL HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION (NHA)
  • THE CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP
  • THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
  • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
  • THE CANADIAN HYDROGEN ASSOCIATION (CHA)
• COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
  • CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON N.V.
  • HYDROGEN BURNER TECHNOLOGY
• FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
  • TECHNIP
  • HUNT RESEARCH FOUNDATION
  • IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
  • QUESTAIR TECHNOLOGIES
  • AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER
  • ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES
  • CATALYTICA ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES INC.
  • FMC CORP.
  • AMEC PROCESS AND ENERGY LTD.
  • STARTECH ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION
  • TEXACO ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
  • U.S. MAGNEGAS, INC.
  • ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL GMBH
  • SYNETIX
  • ENERGY INTERNATIONAL CORP.
  • POWER ENERGY FUELS, INC.
• LICENSOR/CONTRACTORS/OPERATORS
  • M.W. KELLOG
  • CHIYODA CORPORATION
  • STONE & WEBSTER
  • ALCHEMIX CORPORATION
  • KVAERNER ASA
  • HALDOR TOPSØE A/S
  • LURGI AG
  • GENCOR INDUSTRIES, INC.
  • ENERGETICS, INC.
  • HOWE-BAKER ENGINEERS LTD.
  • KRUPP UHDE
• PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF HYDROGEN
  • AIR LIQUIDE GROUP
  • AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
  • AIRGAS INC.
  • BOC GASES
  • LINDE AG
  • MESSER NIPPON SANSO
  • PRAXAIR, INC.
  • STUART ENERGY SYSTEMS
  • MESSER GRIESHEIM
  • KINETICS TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (KTI), INC.
  • FOSTER WHEELER CORP.
• MANUFACTURERS OF HYDROGEN GENERATION AND COMPONENTS
  • AVISTA LABS
  • PROTON ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
  • BALLARD GENERATION SYSTEMS
  • ENERGY RESEARCH CORP.
  • PLUG POWER, LLC
  • BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS INC./BALLARD GENERATION SYSTEMS INC.
  • AVISTA LABORATORIES, INC.
  • THE DAIS CORP.
  • ERGENICS, INC.
  • DCH TECHNOLOGY, INC.
  • HYDROGENICS CORP.
• UNIVERSITIES AND GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES
  • UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
  • LEHIGH UNIVERSITY
  • VICTORIA UNIVERSITY
  • UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
  • OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
  • ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY (ANL)
  • NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL)
  • OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY (ORNL)
  • IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY (INEEL)
  • OFFICE OF PRODUCT MANAGEMENT FOR FUELS AND SPECIALTY MARKETS
  • INSTITUTE FRANÇAIS DU PETROLE (IFP)
• USERS IN CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM
  • THERMAL CONVERSION CORP. (TCC)
  • BRITISH PETROLEUM PLC
  • METHANEX CORP.
  • CHEVRONTEXACO
  • EXXONMOBIL
  • SHELL HYDROGEN
  • SUN REFINING AND MARKETING CO.
  • SYNCRUDE CANADA LTD.
  • DOW CHEMICAL CO.
  • BASF CORP.
  • IMPERIAL CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES PLC (ICI)
  • SASOL SYNFUELS INTERNATIONAL (PTY) LTD.
  • SYNTROLEUM CORP.
• USERS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
  • NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA)
  • GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
  • BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC
  • DAIMLERCHRYSLER CORP.
• VENDORS
  • COOPER INDUSTRIES CROUSE-HINDS DIV.
  • VARIAN ASSOCIATES INC.
  • SIERRA MONITOR CORP
  • TRU-TEC SERVICES INC.
  • BETZDEARBORN HYDROCARBON PROCESS GROUP (GE BETZ)
  • PANAMETRICS, INC.
  • THE TECHNOLOGY GROUP FOR GAS/SPEC
  • FIBERCAST
  • CRYOFUEL SYSTEMS, INC.
    • Cryofuel Systems, Inc. (Continued)

 LIST OF TABLES

Summary Table:
U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 1 OVERVIEW OF U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN BY MARKET SEGMENT APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 2 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN RECOVERY/PURIFICATION

Table 3 GROWTH IN MAJOR U.S. INDICES, 1999-2003 (%)

Table 4 WORLD POPULATION AND ENERGY USE (1853-2008)

Table 5 HISTORICAL GROWTH RATES, %/YEAR (1850-2008)

Table 6 WORLD POPULATION, WEALTH (GNP), AND ENERGY USE BY INCOME LEVEL

Table 7 OVERVIEW OF MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION MARKETS/APPLICATIONS

Table 8 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY

Table 9 KEY DRIVERS AFFECTING THE HYDROGEN GENERATION ECONOMY

Table 10 LEADING PLAYERS IN MERCHANT HYDROGEN MARKETS, 2002

Table 11 U.S. MERCHANT HYDROGEN AND ONSITE SHARES, BY MAJOR COMPANY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 12 INDUSTRIAL GASES MARKETS BY SUPPLY CHAIN/REGION, 2000-2008 (%)

Table 13 U.S. MAJOR INDUSTRIAL GASES PLAYERS BY MARKET VALUE, THROUGH 2002 ($ BILLIONS)

Table 14 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 15 PACKAGED IN CYLIDER HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 16 SMALL-SIZED "ON-DEMAND" HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 17 LIQUID HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 18 ONSITE PLANTS AND PIPELINE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 19 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 20 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY REFINING TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 21 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING END-USE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 22 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND IN TRANSPORTATION BY END-USE APPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 23 U.S. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPITAL COST, THROUGH 2008 ($/ITEM)

Table 24 MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION OPERATING COST, THROUGH 2008

Table 25 MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN PLANT INVESTMENT BY TYPE OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PLANT SIZE, THROUGH 2003

Table 26 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN GENERATION BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 27 U.S. HYDROGEN DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 28 U.S. COST OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY RECOVERY/PURIFICATION ($/1000 STANDARD CUBIC FEET OF HYDROGEN)

Table 29 SELECTED SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN IN COMPAROSON TO OTHER FUELS/PRODUCTS

Table 30 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS

Table 31 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS/APPROACHES

Table 32 PROCESSES/APPLICATIONS

Table 33 U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2002 (NUMBER)

Table 34 H.R. 6 U.S.HYDROGEN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY FUNDING, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 35 SELECTED RESEARCHERS IN FUEL CELLS THAT UTILIZE HYDROGEN

Table 36 GLOBAL R&D INVESTMENT IN HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 37 SMALL SCALE "ON-DEMAND'' HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS

Table 38 U.S. HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)

Table 39 GLOBAL HYDROGEN DEMAND BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)  

LIST OF FIGURES

Summary Figure:
U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 1 THE HYDROGEN CHAIN

Figure 2 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY PRODUCT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 3 PACKAGED IN CYLIDER HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 4 SMALL-SIZED "ON-DEMAND" HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 5 LIQUID HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 6 ONSITE PLANTS AND PIPELINE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 7 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT APPLICATION, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 8 U.S. MERCHANT AND ONSITE HYDROGEN DEMAND BY MANUFACTURING END-USE, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 9 U.S. HYDROGEN DEMAND BY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 10 GLOBAL HYDROGEN DEMAND BY REGION, 2000-2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)