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SUMMARY
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
The need for pure water is a problem of global proportions. With each passing
year, the quality of the planet's water measurably deteriorates, presenting
challenges for the major users. Water treatment has become an area of global
concern as individuals, communities, industries, countries, and their national
institutions strive for ways to keep this essential resource available and
suitable for use.
Over the past 25 years, desalination systems have emerged as an effective
solution to transform saline, brackish, and contaminated water into a useable
and/or potable product. In addition to technical advances in the process,
parallel price drops in the processes, especially membrane-based methods, have
made desalination affordable for countries previously unable to consider the
possibility. This has created a robust and rapidly growing market in which
projects and corporate developments are constantly evolving.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This report contains:
- Descriptions of various desalination methods including multistage flash
distillation, multi-effect distillation, vapor compression, reverse osmosis
and nanofiltration
- The current market status of seawater and brackish water desalination
plants, trends and forecasts for growth over the next 5 years
- Discussion of novel desalination methods including freezing, gas hydrate
formation, membrane distillation and capacitive deionization
- Analysis of the seawater and brackish water desalination plants industry
on a worldwide basis, both from a market and application perspective
- Information about major and minor companies working on seawater and
brackish water desalination plants.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Research for this report began with a re-analysis of the available technical
and business literature, as well as an evaluation of the personal records of
the water treatment industry available to the author. Conversations with
industry experts and company representatives and a review of their published
works provide the backbone for an evaluation of the desalination industry.
Information sources for the study also include online research, patent
literature, and technical journals. In evaluating the global market,
information was obtained from the U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department
of State, Aquastat, the United Nation's global water information system, and
publications from the International Desalination Association, European
Desalination Association, and the Middle East Desalination Research Center.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
- Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination
- Chapter 1 - SUMMARY
- Summary Table: GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER
DESALINATION PLANTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- Summary Figure: GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER
DESALINATION PLANTS, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- Chapter 2 - TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
- WATER QUALITY
- WATER QUANTITY
- Figure 1 DISTRIBUTION OF THE EARTH'S WATER
- WATER QUANTITY (CONTINUED)
- Figure 2 PROJECTED GLOBAL FRESHWATER STRESS, 1995 AND 2025
- Table 1 WATER SALINITY AND SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (MG/L)
- Table 2 SALT CONCENTRATIONS OF VARIOUS GLOBAL WATERS (PPM)
- Table 3 WATER HARDNESS
- SOURCE WATERS USED FOR DESALINATION
- Table 4 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)
- Figure 3 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)
- Table 5 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY
(%)
- Figure 4 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
CAPACITY (%)
- DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
- BRIEF HISTORY OF DESALINATION
- Figure 5 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
- MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES
- THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
- COMPARISON OF THERMAL AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES
- Table 6 COMPARISON OF PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS
- COMPARATIVE COSTS OF DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
- Table 7 GLOBAL COMPARATIVE COSTS OF THERMAL AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES
($/M3)
- GLOBAL DESALINATION INSTALLATIONS
- Table 8 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND CAPACITY, 1945-2007
(M3)
- Figure 6 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS, 1945-2007
- Figure 7 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY CAPACITY, 1945-2007 (M3)
- Table 9 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY PLANT SIZE: OPERATING, UNDER
CONSTRUCTION, AND PROPOSED, 2005 (M3/D)
- Figure 8 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY PLANT SIZE (M3/D)
- Figure 9 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY NUMBER OF PLANTS
- Table 10 GLOBAL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Figure 10 GLOBAL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Chapter 3 - MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES
- REVERSE OSMOSIS
- Table 11 MEMBRANE MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCTS
- NANOFILTRATION
- ELECTRODIALYSIS
- COST OF TECHNOLOGIES
- Table 12 GLOBAL CAPITAL COSTS OF MEMBRANE DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY
TYPE (AVG. $/GAL. BY PLANT SIZE)
- OPERATING COSTS
- Operating Costs (Continued)
- Table 13 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER WITH RO (%)
- Figure 11 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER BY RO (%)
- Table 14 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER WITH RO(%)
- Figure 12 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER BY RO (%)
- COST TRENDS
- Figure 13 GLOBAL COST TRENDS FOR MEMBRANE DESALINATION INCLUDING DEBT
SERVICE AND OPERATING EXPENSES, 1980-2010 ($/1,000 GALS.)
- Figure 14 SEAWATER ELEMENT COST, 1978-2005 ($/1,000 GALS.)
- Table 15 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS, 1991-2006
- Figure 15 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS, 1991-2006
($/1,000 GALS.)
- Table 16 TEN LARGEST SWRO PLANTS AS OF SEPTEMBER 2007
- MARKET SHARE
- Table 17 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
- Figure 16 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
- MARKET VALUE BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE
- Table 18 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH
2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 17 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2012
($ MILLIONS)
- Chapter 4 - THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
- MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
- Table 19 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTIONWITH MSF (%)
- Figure 18 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTIONWITH MSF (%)
- Figure 19 GLOBAL MSF DESALINATION COST TRENDS, 1955-2005 ($/GAL.)
- MULTI-EFFECT DISTILLATION
- COST
- Table 20 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTIONWITH MED(%)
- Figure 20 COST ALLOWANCE OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTIONWITH MED(%)
- VAPOR COMPRESSION
- MARKET VALUE BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE
- Table 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE,THROUGH 2012
($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE,2000-2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- Chapter 5 - OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
- CRYSTALLIZATION
- GAS HYDRATE PROCESSES
- MEMBRANE DISTILLATION
- SOLAR HUMIDIFICATION
- FLOW-THROUGH CAPACITOR
- ION EXCHANGE
- MARKET VALUE OF OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
- Table 22 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- Figure 22 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, 2000-2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- Chapter 6 - WORLD MARKETS FOR DESALINATION
- Figure 23 WORLD WATER WITHDRAWALS BY SECTOR (%)
- Figure 23 (CONTINUED)
- Table 23 ABSOLUTE WATER STRESS OR SHORTAGE IN THE 20 MOST AFFECTED
COUNTRIES, PROJECTED TO 2025
- Table 24 WATER STRESS OR SHORTAGE IN THE 20 MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES,
PROJECTED TO 2025
- Table 25 MEMBRANE AND THERMAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY WORLD REGION,
2007 (M3/D)
- Figure 24 INSTALLED MEMBRANE AND THERMAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY WORLD
REGION, 2007 (M3/D)
- Table 26 COUNTRIESWORLDWIDE WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION
CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)
- Figure 25 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION
CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)
- Table 27 MARKET FORECAST BY WORLD REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 26 MARKET FORECAST BY WORLD REGION, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- NORTH AMERICA
- Economic Trends
- Water Needs
- Figure 27 TOTAL U.S. FRESHWATER WITHDRAWALS BY STATE, 2000(MGD)
- Table 28 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)
- Figure 28 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)
- Table 29 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Figure 29 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Table 30 U.S. STATES WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY,
2007 (M3/D)
- Table 30 (CONTINUED)
- Figure 30 U.S. STATES WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY,
2007 (M3/D)
- Figure 31 POTENTIALLY USABLE WATER FROM U.S. SALINE AQUIFERS
- The Mid-Atlantic
- Oil, Gas, and Coal Basins
- Inland Urban Areas
- Coastal Urban Areas
- Florida
- The Tampa Bay Experience
- The Tampa Bay ý (Continued)
- California
- Figure 32 CALIFORNIA'S PROPOSED SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS
- Figure 33 TEXAS' PROPOSED DESALINATION PLANTS
- VALUE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MARKET
- VALUE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ý (CONTINUED)
- Table 31 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY,THROUGH 2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- Figure 34 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, 2000-2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- EUROPE
- ECONOMIC TRENDS
- WATER NEEDS
- Figure 35 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN
SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2007
- SPAIN
- ITALY
- MALTA
- CYPRUS
- GREECE
- U.K.
- INSTALLED CAPACITY
- Table 32 EUROPE'S INSTALLED CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2007 (M3/D)
- Figure 36 EUROPE'S INSTALLED CAPACITY (M3/D) BY COUNTRY, 2007 (%)
- CONTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE (RES) DESALINATION IN EUROPE
- Table 33 RES-POWERED DESALINATION PLANTS IN EU-15 COUNTRIES, 2006
(M3/D)
- VALUE OF THE EUROPEAN MARKET
- Value of the European Market (Continued)
- Table 34 EUROPEAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- Figure 37 EUROPEAN MARKET REVENUE FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY,2000-2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA
- ECONOMIC TRENDS
- WATER NEEDS
- Figure 38 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN
SELECTED MIDDLE EASTERN/AFRICAN COUNTRIES, 2007
- Table 35 SALINE WATER CONVERSION CORP. PLANTS, 1978-2006 (M3/D)
- Table 35 (CONTINUED)
- UAE
- KUWAIT
- BAHRAIN
- ALGERIA
- LIBYA
- JORDAN
- QATAR
- EGYPT
- ISRAEL
- TUNISIA
- TURKEY
- SOUTH AFRICA
- VALUE OF THE MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET
- Table 36 MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH
2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 39 MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE,
2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- ASIA/PACIFIC
- ECONOMIC TRENDS
- WATER NEEDS
- Figure 40 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN
SELECTED ASIA/PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2007
- AUSTRALIA
- CHINA
- INDIA
- INDONESIA
- JAPAN
- THE PHILIPPINES
- SINGAPORE
- TAIWAN
- VALUE OF THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET
- Table 37 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- Figure 41 MARKET REVENUE FOR THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET, 2000-2012 ($
MILLIONS)
- LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN
- ECONOMIC TRENDS
- WATER NEEDS
- Figure 42 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS AND POPULATION GROWTH IN
SELECTED LATIN AMERICAN/CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES, 2007
- THE BAHAMAS
- CHILE
- JAMAICA
- Jamaica (Continued)
- Outlook
- MEXICO
- Table 38 INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY IN MEXICO, 2006 (M3/D)
- VALUE OF THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET
- Table 39 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET, THROUGH
2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 43 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET,
2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
- Chapter 7 - PATENT ANALYSIS
- PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE
- Table 40 PATENT SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Figure 44 PATENT SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Table 41 PATENT SHARE BY COMPANY/INDIVIDUAL PATENT HOLDER (%)
- Table 41 (CONTINUED)
- Figure 45 SHARE BY COMPANY (%)
- Chapter 8 - TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH TRENDS
- TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS
- ENERGY RECOVERY
- CO-LOCATION OF WATER AND POWER PRODUCTION
- Integrating RO with Existing Power Plants
- LARGE AREA MODULES
- NF PRETREATMENT FOR THERMAL DESALINATION
- RESEARCH TRENDS
- DESALINATION AND WATER PURIFICATION ROADMAP
- Table 42 DESALINATION AND WATER PURIFICATION ROADMAP: NATIONAL NEEDS AND
RECOMMENDED R&D
- Table 42 (CONTINUED)
- Table 42 (CONTINUED)
- AFFORDABLE DESALINATION COALITION
- NEW MEMBRANE MATERIALS
- Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites
- CSIRO R&D
- NanoH2O/UCLA R&D
- Carbon Nanotubes
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory R&D
- Aquaporins
- NEW ENERGY OPTIONS
- Renewable Energy Sources
- Table 43 RECOMMENDED RES/DESALINATION COMBINATIONS
- Table 44 GLOBAL SHARE OF RES-POWERED DESALINATIONBY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Figure 46 GLOBAL SHARE OF RES-POWERED DESALINATIONBY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)
- Table 45 WIND POWERED DESALINATION PLANTS
- Wave
- Nuclear
- Nuclear Desalination Projects
- Nuclear ý (Continued)
- Hybrid RO/Thermal Plants
- BRINE DISPOSAL
- Emerging Treatment Methods
- Chapter 9 - INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
- MARKET SHARE
- Table 46 DESALINATION PLANT SUPPLIER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
- Table 46 (CONTINUED)
- Figure 47 DESALINATION PLANT SUPPLIER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
- COMPANY PROFILES
- ABENGOA
- ACCIONA SA/ACCIONA AGUA
- Table 47 ACCIONA REFERENCE PLANTS
- ACS/COBRA-TEDAGUA
- AES CORP.
- AHMED ABDEL WARITH CONSULTING ENGINEERS
- AQUALIA
- AQUATECH INTERNATIONAL CORP.
- ARABIAN COMPANY FOR WATER & POWER DEVELOPMENT
- BIWATER, PLC
- AL KAWTHER INDUSTRIES, LTD.
- CHRIST WATER TECHNOLOGY GROUP
- CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER CO.
- CONSOLIDATED WATER CO., LTD.
- DOOSAN HEAVY INDUSTRIES & CONSTRUCTION
- DOW WATER SOLUTIONS
- FERROVIAL GROUP/CADAGUA
- FICHTNER GMBH
- GENERAL ELECTRIC
- GRAHAMTEK
- HITACHI ZOSEN CORP.
- HYFLUX, LTD.
- IDE TECHNOLOGIES, LTD.
- ILF CONSULTING ENGINEERS
- IMPREGILO GROUP
- Table 48 FISIA REFERENCE PLANTS
- INIMA
- INTERNATIONAL POWER
- ITOCHU CORP.
- ITT AQUIOUS
- JGC CORP.
- KINDASA WATER SERVICES
- KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
- KULJIAN CORP.
- KURITA WATER INDUSTRIES
- LAHMEYER INTERNATIONAL GMBH
- LYNG GROUP/AQUALYNG
- MARUBENI CORP.
- MALAKOFF
- METITO (OVERSEAS), LTD.
- MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
- MUBADALA DEVELOPMENT CO.
- NATIONAL POWER CO.
- NITTO DENKO
- Hydranautics, Inc.
- ORGANO CORP.
- PB POWER
- POSEIDON RESOURCES CORP.
- PUMP ENGINEERING, INC.
- REGGIANE CRANES & PLANTS DIVISION
- SADYT
- SAEHAN INDUSTRIES, INC.
- SASAKURA ENGINEERING
- SAUDI OGER, LTD.
- SEMBCORP UTILITIES PTE, LTD.
- SEPARATION PROCESSES, INC.
- SETE TECHNICAL SERVICES
- SIEMENS WATER TECHNOLOGIES
- VA Tech Wabag
- SIDMAS
- SNAMPROGETTI S.P.A.
- SNC LAVALIN
- SOGEX OMAN CO., LLC
- SUMITOMO CORP.
- SUEZ
- Degrémont/Suez
- Suez Energy International (SEI)
- Tractebel Engineering/Suez
- Table 49 SUEZ REFERENCE PLANTS (M3/D)
- TAPROGGE GMBH
- TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD
- TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO. (TEPCO)
- MITSUI & CO., LTD.
- TORAY INDUSTRIES
- TOYO ENGINEERING
- TOYOBO CO., LTD.
- VEOLIA WATER SOLUTIONS & TECHNOLOGIES
- Chapter 10 - APPENDIX
- Table 50 PATENT SURVEY, JANUARY 1, 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 4, 2007
- Table 50 (CONTINUED)
- Table 50 (CONTINUED)
- Table 51 PATENT SURVEY, 2006
- Table 51 (CONTINUED)
- Table 51 (CONTINUED)
- Table 51 (CONTINUED)
- Table 51 (CONTINUED)
- Table 52 PATENT SURVEY, 2005
- Table 52 (CONTINUED)
- Table 52 (CONTINUED)
- Table 53 PATENT SURVEY, 2004
- Table 53 (CONTINUED)
- Table 53 (CONTINUED)
- Table 53 (CONTINUED)
- Table 53 (CONTINUED)
- Table 54 PATENT SURVEY, 2003
- Table 54 (CONTINUED)
- Table 54 (CONTINUED)
- Table 54 (CONTINUED)
- Table 55 PATENT SURVEY, SEPTEMBER 3, 2002 TO DECEMBER 31, 2002
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