Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies

SUMMARY

This report:

• Quantifies and forecasts the markets for technologies that capture and sequester CO2, including "air capture" technologies.
• Analyzes applications of CCS technologies and estimates their adoption rates in various industries and utilities.
• Covers legislative drivers in the U.S. and abroad.
• Provides complete R&D update, patent analysis, and international developments.
• Estimates market shares of equipment producers.
• Includes company profiles.

INTRODUCTION

Study Goals and Objectives

The goal of the study was to determine what technologies exist to capture carbon dioxide and at what price. A further goal was to determine what technologies were emerging that could compete with the existing technologies or displace them. An objective of the study was to determine what the costs would be to the purchases of carbon capture equipment and also what the impact would be on the consumer. Another objective was to determine which companies owned the technologies to capture carbon dioxide and to determine how they were positioning their technology to compete against other technologies and if they were acquiring new technologies from startup companies.

Reasons for Doing the Study

With global warming receiving unprecedented coverage in the popular media, and being recognized as a significant global problem requiring the participation of most of the world's governments and peoples to find a solution, this study seeks to define exactly what is being done by whom with what expected results, at what cost and what can be expected over the next 5 years. It also discusses whether certain trends that are starting now can be expected to continue.

Intended Audience

The intended audience is those people who have an interest in reducing their corporate carbon dioxide emissions and companies that may wish to invest in, license, install, or acquire promising carbon dioxide capture technologies. The report, as an impartial presentation of the best available technologies to reduce CO2 emissions from power plants, this report, should also be of interest to state utility regulators who must make decisions that affect billion dollar investments by corporations as well as the future cost of electricity for the rate payers.

This report should also be of interest to subcontractors in the electric power construction industry, pipe manufacturers, and pipe fitters, as new electric power projects that capture carbon dioxide will need to pipe it from the site to a storage facility.

Scope of the Report

The report examines global markets for carbon dioxide capture and storage technology, the status of the competing carbon capture technologies as well as global technological research and developments for carbon capture technologies to prevent global warming. It also covers technologies able to capture carbon dioxide from stationary sources at the point of emission. This report does not cover technologies that are used to capture other global warming gases such as methane.

METHODOLOGY

The initial task was to determine the technologies most suited to capture carbon dioxide for electric power applications and determine the cost of those technologies based on the cost per megawatt (MW) of capacity. The second step was to determine which companies were providing the technologies and which companies were buying and why. The third step was to compile a list of the projects for each of the three key technologies including the location, the project owner, the expected cost of the project, the size of the project in megawatts, how much carbon dioxide the project intends to capture per year, and the provider of the carbon capture technologies. Those projects expected to start in the 2007 to 2012 time frame form the basis for the forecast of growth for the carbon capture technologies examined in this report.

As well as counting the number of new projects, another step involved was counting existing projects employing the same technologies to determine historic and current values for these technologies. These technologies have found widespread use in other industries and applications not related to the electric utility and not always related to capturing carbon dioxide. The world's oxygen market is discussed briefly to show the place of oxy-combustion activity in other applications

The study needed to determine how much carbon dioxide needs to be captured in billions of metric tons (MT) each year in order to bring world carbon dioxide emissions back to the levels produced in 1990. The Kyoto treaty calls for reductions of carbon dioxide below the levels of 1990, and more stringent goals are expected to be negotiated in the next 2 years, but 1990 was chosen as a baseline for estimates in this report.

Another step was to determine how much carbon dioxide in millions of metric tons is being captured for the world merchant gas market, how much carbon dioxide is being consumed in the manufacture of other chemicals and products, and how much is being consumed by a tertiary method of oil recovery known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This step included identifying the sources of carbon dioxide used in these applications by company, and included estimates of production for the U.S. and the rest of the world.

A thorough search of THOMAS.gov and other reliable sources was made to determine the many bills pending before Congress that will affect the regulation of CO2. A search for state records was also made to find U.S. state legislation now in effect governing the emission of CO2. Regulation of CO2 on the international and national level is the driving force in CO2 capture and those regulations were surveyed as well.

U.S. patents were examined, and more than 100 research projects taking place in the U.S., Europe, Canada, and Australia also were examined to determine what new technologies were emerging that offer cheaper CO2 capture. All of these sources were viewed together to determine the overall value of carbon dioxide capture over the next 5 years.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies

Chapter- 1: SUMMARY

• SUMMARY TABLE VALUE CUMULATIVE CAPITAL BASE OF CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• SUMMARY FIGURE CUMULATIVE CAPITAL BASE FOR CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE, 2005-2012 ($ BILLIONS)

Chapter- 2: OVERVIEW

• TECHNOLOGIES EXAMINED
• TECHNOLOGIES EXAMINED (CONTINUED)
• USERS OF THE CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES
• OTHER FACTORS
• OTHER FACTORS (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 1 COMPARISON COST OF ELECTRICITY WITH CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY, 2007
  • FIGURE 1 COST PER KWH FOR CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY, 2007

Chapter- 3: PRE-COMBUSTION: INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE

• TABLE 2 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT GROWTH PROJECTIONS: SYNGAS PRODUCTION VS ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (MWTH* VS MWE**)
• TABLE 3 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT GROWTH PROJECTIONS: CUMULATIVE VALUE OF SYNGAS AND ELECTRIC PLANTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• FIGURE 2 WORLDWIDE IGCC PLANT APPLICATION PROJECTIONS: SYNGAS VS ELECTRICITY, 2005-2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• IGCC ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
  • TABLE 4 U.S. AND ROW IGCC CAPITAL BASE PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 5 PROJECTED U.S. AND ROW IGCC MEGAWATT BASE FOR POWER, THROUGH 2012 (MW)
  • TABLE 6 U.S. POWER FROM TRADITIONAL COAL PLANTS VS IGCC COAL PLANTS, 2007 (MW)
  • FIGURE 3 U.S. MARKET SHARES OF ELECTRIC POWER: TRADITIONAL COAL-FIRED VS. IGCC COAL POWER, 2007 (MW)
• IGCC APPLICATION MARKET

Chapter- 4: IGCC APPLICATION DISTRIBUTION

• FIGURE 4 IGCC TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS, 2007 (%)
• FIGURE 5 UTILITY GASIFICATION PROJECT MARKET SHARES
• BY COMPANY, 2007
  • TABLE 7 IGCC APPLICATION MARKET SHARES, 2007
• TECHNOLOGY DISTRIBUTION
  • FIGURE 6 IGCC MARKET SHARES BY COMPANY SYNGAS PRODUCTION, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 8 GASIFICATION COMPANY MARKET SHARES BY SYNGAS OUTPUT AND NUMBER OF PROJECTS, 2007 (NM3/D)
  • TABLE 9 PROJECTED U.S. AND REST OF WORLD IGCC MEGAWATT BASE FOR POWER, THROUGH 2012 (MW/NO. OF PROJECTS)
  • FIGURE 7 PROJECTED U.S. AND REST OF WORLD IGCC GROWTH, 2005-2012 (MW)
  • TABLE 10 PLANNED MEGAWATTS OF IGCC POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE BY COUNTRY, 2012 (MW)
  • TABLE 10 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 8 WORLDWIDE IGCC MARKET SHARE PROJECTIONS BY COUNTRY BASED ON MEGAWATT CAPACITY, 2012 (%)
• IGCC APPLICATIONS: US IGCC PLANTS AND PROJECTS
  • TABLE 11 U.S. IGCC PLANTS, 1995-2012
  • TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 12 POST-2012 U.S. ANNOUNCED U.S. IGCC PROJECTS
• REST OF WORLD IGCC PROJECTS
  • TABLE 13 REST OF WORLD IGCC PROJECTS, TO 2012
  • TABLE 13 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 13 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 14 POST-2012 REST OF WORLD IGCC PROJECTS
• IGCC TECHNOLOGY
  • TABLE 15 COAL PLANT EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF IGCC, SUBCRITICAL PC, SUPERCRITICAL PC, AND ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL PC BY COAL TYPE (%)
• IGCC MAJOR COMPONENTS
  • TABLE 16 MAJOR IGCC COMPONENTS: COST AND PLANT FUNCTION (%)
• Coal Handling Equipment
• Gasifier
• Moving-Bed Reactors
• Fluidized-Bed Reactors
• Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
• Entrained-Flow Reactors
• Syngas Cleanup
• Combined Cycle Power Block
• Balance of IGCC Plant
  • TABLE 17 WORLDWIDE MARKET PROJECTIONS FOR ON-SITE PRE-COMBUSTION COMPONENTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 9 SCHEMATIC IGCC PROCESS
• METHODS OF MANUFACTURE
• NEW DEVELOPMENTS
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
  • TABLE 18 AVERAGE NGCC, PC, AND IGCC POWER PLANT CAPITAL COSTS WITHOUT AND WITH CO2 CAPTURE, 2007 ($/MILLION MW)
• PROCESS COMPARISON
  • TABLE 19 ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF IGCC VS BEST PC
  • TABLE 20 COMPARISON OF IGCC, SUBCRITICAL PC, AND SUPERCRITICAL PC CO2 EMISSIONS (LB/MWH)
  • TABLE 21 COMPARISON OF GE, CONOCOPHILLIPS, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGIES COSTS AND EFFICIENCY
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
  • TABLE 22 IGCC ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES
  • TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 23 IGCC VS PC WITH ADVANCED POLLUTION CONTROLS ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
  • TABLE 24 WORLDWIDE PROJECTED MARKET SHARES OF IGCC FOR ELECTRICITY BY MARKET LEADER, 2007-2012
  • FIGURE 10 WORLDWIDE PROJECTED COMPANY MARKET SHARES OF IGCC ELECTRIC PROJECTS, 2007-2012 (%)
• INDUSTRY DRIVERS
  • TABLE 25 IGCC INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS INHIBITORS
• STRATEGIES
• SHIFTS
• TRADE PRACTICES
• EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY
  • TABLE 26 PRE-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY HISTORY, 1812-2007
  • TABLE 26 (CONTINUED)
• INDUSTRY IMPACTS
• REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
• IMPORTANCE OF PATENTS
• Patents by Application
  • TABLE 27 U.S. CO2 CAPTURE PATENTS BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2004-2007
  • FIGURE 11 U.S. CO2 CAPTURE PATENTS BY APPLICATION, 2004-2007 (%)
• Patent Technology by Region
  • TABLE 28 U.S. CO2 PATENTS BY REGION, 2002-2007
  • FIGURE 12 U.S. CO2 PATENTS BY REGION, 2002-2007 (%)
• Patents by Year
  • TABLE 29 U.S. PATENTS BY YEAR, 2004-2007
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• Importance of Research (Continued)

Chapter- 5: OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE

• TABLE 30 WORLDWIDE OXYGEN APPLICATION MARKETS, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
• FIGURE 13 WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES OF OXYGEN APPLICATIONS, 2007 (%)
• TABLE 31 U.S. AND WORLD OXYGEN MARKET PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS/BCF/MMT)
• TECHNOLOGY MARKET FOR OXY-FUEL COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE
  • TABLE 32 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE UTILITY MARKET FOR COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• APPLICATION MARKET OXY-FUEL
  • TABLE 33 OXY-FUEL PROJECTS WORLDWIDE, 1997-2008
  • TABLE 33 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 34 PROJECTED OXY-FUEL PROJECTS WORLDWIDE, 2007-2012
  • TABLE 34 (CONTINUED)
• APPLICATION MARKET OXY-FUEL (CONTINUED)
• OXY-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY
• MAJOR OXY-FUEL POWER GENERATION COMPONENTS
  • TABLE 35 MAJOR OXY-COMBUSTION COMPONENT COSTS, 2007 (%)
• Air Separation Unit
• Boiler-Turbine-Generator
• CO2 Cooler/Condenser/Compressor
• Air Pollution Controls
  • FIGURE 14 SCHEMATIC OXY-FUEL SYSTEM
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
  • TABLE 36 COST OF STATE OF THE ART 740 MW PC OXY-COMBUSTION PLANT WITH CO2 CAPTURE, 2007
  • TABLE 37 ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL COSTS COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
  • TABLE 38 OXY-FUEL COMPONENT COE, 2007 (C/KWH/%)
  • FIGURE 15 COE FOR OXY-FUEL POWER PLANT BY COMPONENT, 2007 (%)
• PROCESS COMPARISON
  • TABLE 39 ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL OXY-FUEL PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
  • TABLE 40 AUXILIARY POWER LOSS FOR OXY-FUEL POWER PLANT
  • FIGURE 16 OXY-FUEL AVERAGE AUXILIARY POWER LOSS PER MW, 2007 (%)
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
  • TABLE 41 OXY-FUEL ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: COMBUSTION
• INDUSTRY MARKET SHARES
  • TABLE 42 OXY-FUEL FOR UTILITY APPLICATIONS MARKET SHARES, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 17 OXY-FUEL FOR UTILITY APPLICATIONS MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
• INDUSTRY DRIVERS
  • TABLE 43 OXY-FUEL INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS INHIBITORS
• STRATEGIES
• SHIFTS
• TRADE PRACTICES
• Trade Practices (Continued)
• EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY
  • TABLE 44 HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
  • TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)
• INDUSTRY IMPACTS
• REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
• PATENTS
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
  • TABLE 45 OXY-FUEL RESEARCH NEEDS

Chapter- 6: POST-COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURE

• TECHNOLOGY MARKET FOR POST-COMBUSTION CCS
  • TABLE 46 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE VALUE OF POST COMBUSTION STORAGE PROJECTS AND ONGOING EOR, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• POST COMBUSTION RECOVERY APPLICATION MARKET
  • TABLE 47 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE VALUE OF CO2 CAPTURE PROJECTS, CO2 CAPTURE, AND VALUE OF CO2, THROUGH 2012
  • FIGURE 18 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARE OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES BY COUNTRY AND METRIC TONS OF CO2 CAPTURED, 2012 (%)
  • TABLE 48 CARBON CAPTURE PROJECTS BY COUNTRY, 2012 (MMT/YR OF CO2 CAPTURED)
  • TABLE 49 PROJECTED U.S. AND FOREIGN CO2 STORAGE PROJECTS, 2007-2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 49 (CONTINUED)
• TECHNOLOGY: CHEMICAL STRIPPING
• TECHNOLOGY: CHEMICAL STRIPPING (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 19 SCHEMATIC OF POWER GENERATION AND CO2 SEQUESTRATION
• MAJOR POST-COMBUSTION CCS CHEMICAL STRIPPING COMPONENTS
• Flue Gas Supply/SO2 polishing
• CO2 Absorption
• Circulating Water System
• Water Wash Section
• Rich/Lean Amine Heat Exchange System
• Solvent Stripper
• Solvent Stripper Reclaimer
• Steam Condensate
• Corrosion Inhibitor System
• Gas Compression and Drying System
  • FIGURE 20 SCHEMATIC OF AN AMINE TREATMENT SYSTEM
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
  • TABLE 50 AMINE SCRUBBING COSTS COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
  • TABLE 51 AMINE CCS COMPONENT COST OF ELECTRICITY KWH AND PERCENTAGE OF COE KWH
  • FIGURE 21 AMINE CCS COMPONENT COST OF ELECTRICITY (%)
  • TABLE 52 CAPITAL COSTS FOR A 720 MW COAL POWER PLANT, 6,000 MT CO2 A DAY CCS RETROFIT, 2007
  • FIGURE 22 COST SHARES BY MAJOR COMPONENT FOR 720 MW CHP, 2007 (%)
• PROCESS COMPARISONS
  • TABLE 53 ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL AMINE PERFORMANCE COMPARED WITH SUPERCRITICAL AND ULTRA-SUPERCRITICAL
• AMMONIA CCS TECHNOLOGY
  • FIGURE 23 AMMONIA CO2 STRIPPER FOR COPRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS
• Process Economics
  • TABLE 54 COST COMPARISON OF AA WITH MEA FOR PC AND USC
• Process Comparison
  • TABLE 55 MEA VS AA PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
  • TABLE 56 VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM AMMONIA POLLUTION CONTROLS FOR NOX, SOX, AND GD (OPERATING AT 80% OF CAPACITY)
  • TABLE 57 MEA VS AMMONIA BTU REQUIREMENTS
• Product Development
• INDUSTRY DRIVERS
  • TABLE 58 INDUSTRY DRIVERS VS INHIBITORS
• SHIFTS
• STRATEGIES
• TRADE PRACTICES
• EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY
  • TABLE 59 EVOLUTION OF POST COMBUSTION INDUSTRY
• PATENTS FACTORS
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• CHEMICALS FOR POST-COMBUSTION CARBON CAPTURING PROCESS
• SORBENTS
• INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS: POST-COMBUSTION
  • TABLE 60 WORLDWIDE NUMBER OF CHEMICAL-BASED CARBON CAPTURE PLANT INSTALLATIONS BY COMPANY, 2007
  • FIGURE 24 WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES OF CARBON CAPTURE MATERIALS BY COMPANY, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 61 WORLDWIDE PRODUCT MARKET SHARES OF SOLVENTS FOR CCS, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 25 WORLDWIDE PRODUCT MARKET SHARES CO2 ADSORBENTS, 2007 (%)
• Trends in Ethanolamine Demand
  • TABLE 62 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOLAMINE, THROUGH 2012 (MMT AND $ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 63 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2007 (MT)
  • FIGURE 26 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE PRODUCTION BY REGION, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 27 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE MARKET SHARES BY COMPANY, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 64 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MARKET FOR ETHANOLAMINE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
• Ethanolamine Production
  • TABLE 65 WORLDWIDE ETHANOLAMINE PRODUCTION MARKET SHARE BY COMPANY, 2007
• CHEMICAL SOLVENT/ORGANICS: AMINE-BASED
• Monoethanolamine
• Monoethanolamine (Continued)
• Amine Guard
• Amino-Di-Ethylene-Glycol (ADEG)
• Activated Methyldiethanolamine (aDMEA)
• Amisol Mix
• Diisopropylamine
• Diethanolamine /SNPA-DEA
• Econamine FG Process
• Econamine FG Process (Continued)
• Estasolvan
• Flexsorb
• Fluor Solvent
• Glymine
• Applications
• KS-1, KS-2, and KS-3
• MDEA and Hybrid Solvents
• MDEA and Hybrid Solvents (Continued)
• Omnisulf
• Sterically Hindered Amines
• PHYSICAL SOLVENTS
• Alkazid
• Morphysorb
• Optisol
• Potassium Carbonate/Benfield
  • TABLE 66 POTASSIUM CARBONATE PROCESS ADVANTAGES
• PuraTreat R and F
• Purisol
• Rectisol
• Rectisol (Continued)
• Selefining
• Selexol
• SEPASOLV MPE
• Sulfinol
• UCARSOL
• PROCESS/SOLVENT COMPARISON
  • TABLE 67 COMPARISON OF CO2 SORBENT MATERIAL QUALITIES
  • TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)

Chapter- 7: MAJOR MARKETS FOR CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE AND TECHNOLOGIES

• TABLE 68 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MAJOR APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CCS TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• TABLE 69 PROJECTED CO2 CONSUMPTION WORLDWIDE BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• TABLE 70 CO2 CONSUMED WORLDWIDE BY MAJOR APPLICATION, 2007 (MMT)
• FIGURE 28 WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARES BY MAJOR APPLICATION BY CO2 CONSUMED, 2007 (MMT OF CO2)
• TABLE 71 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMED BY OIL, CHEMICAL, MERCHANT, AND CARBON MARKETS, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
• TABLE 72 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMED BY OIL, CHEMICAL, AND MERCHANT MARKETS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
• TABLE 73 MILLION METRIC TONS OF CO2 CONSUMED WORLDWIDE BY MAJOR MARKET, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
• FIGURE 29 WORLDWIDE CO2 MARKET BY APPLICATION, 2007 (%)
• ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
  • TABLE 74 WORLDWIDE APPLICATIONS OF CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES AND ELECTRIC GROWTH PROJECTIONS, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 75 PROJECTED MW INCREASE IN CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012 (MW IN MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 76 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE POWER CAPACITY WITH AND WITHOUT CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS BY TYPE, 2012 (MW MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 30 WORLD MW CAPACITY VS CCS MW TECHNOLOGIES, 2012 (%)
  • TABLE 77 PROJECTED UTILITY WORLDWIDE MARKETS FOR CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY BY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 78 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CCS AND TECHNOLOGY MARKET SHARES AND SOURCES OF CO2, 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 31 WORLD ELECTRIC POWER MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 32 REGIONAL SHARES OF WORLDWIDE CO2 EMISSIONS, 2007 (%)
• MARKET TRENDS
  • TABLE 79 POTENTIAL VALUE OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRIC POWER APPLICATIONS WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012 (MW/$MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 80 PROJECTED U.S. MARKET SHARES OF CCS TECHNOLOGIES FOR COAL POWER, 2012 (GW)
  • FIGURE 33 PROJECTED U.S. CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES COAL MARKET SHARES BY MW, 2012 (%)
• PROCESS ECONOMICS
• REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
  • TABLE 81 CCS TECHNOLOGY MARKETS BY TYPE, 2007 (NUMBER OF SITES/MMT)
  • FIGURE 34 BEST APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CCS BY INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2012 (%)
  • TABLE 82 COST OF CO2 FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES, 2007 ($/MT)
  • FIGURE 35 COST PER MT OF CO2 FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES, 2007 ($/MT)
  • TABLE 83 VALUE OF CCS GIGA METRIC TONS (GMT) CO2 REDUCTION AND VALUE TO 2050
  • FIGURE 36 PROJECTED DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY WORLDWIDE, 2050 (%)
  • FIGURE 36 (CONTINUED)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING
  • TABLE 84 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE APPLICATION MARKETS FOR POST-COMBUSTION SOLVENT SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 85 VALUE POST-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES, 2007 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 37 APPLICATION MARKET FOR CO2 CAPTURE SYSTEMS UTILITY VS GAS PROCESSING, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 86 PROJECTED NATURAL GAS CONSUMED, SCRUBBED GAS, CO2 CONTENT WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012 (TCF)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
• NATURAL GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 87 PROJECTED VALUE OF CO2 ANTI-CORROSION FOR PIPELINE TRANSMISSION WORLDWIDE, THROUGH 2012
  • FIGURE 38 AMINE GAS SWEETENING PLANT
  • TABLE 88 U.S. GAS PROCESSING PLANTS BY STATE, 2007 (MMSCF/D)
  • FIGURE 39 U.S. MARKET FOR GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY BY STATE, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 40 MAJOR INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF 1.3 BCF/D CO2 FOR EOR, 2007 (%)
  • FIGURE 40 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 89 NON-NATURAL CO2 SOURCES FOR EOR, 2007 (MMCF/D)
  • TABLE 90 MAJOR U.S. PIPELINE EXPANSIONS AND SCRUBBING VALUES, 2006-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 90 (CONTINUED)
• HYDROGEN
  • TABLE 91 GLOBAL DAILY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY FEEDSTOCK, 2007
  • TABLE 92 GLOBAL HYDROGEN AND CO2 PRODUCTION FROM COAL AND GAS, 2007
• HYDROGEN (CONTINUED)
• ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
  • TABLE 93 PROJECTED WORLD OIL PRODUCTION FROM EOR AND CO2 USE, THROUGH 2012
  • FIGURE 41 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE CO2 CONSUMPTION IN EOR, THROUGH 2012 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
  • TABLE 94 U.S. AND CANADIAN CO2 EOR BARREL OF OIL EQUIVALENT PER DAY, 2007
  • TABLE 95 U.S. RECOVERABLE BARRELS OF OIL USING CO2 INJECTION BY REGION, 2007 (BB/TCF)
  • FIGURE 42 PROJECTED U.S. REGIONAL MARKETS FOR CO2 FOR EOR BY RECOVERABLE BARRELS OF OIL, 2012 (%)
• NATURAL CO2 RESERVOIRS
  • TABLE 96 U.S. CO2 RESERVES PROVEN AND PROBABLE, 2007
  • FIGURE 43 U.S. NATURAL CO2 RESERVOIR MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)
• Bravo Dome
• Doe Canyon
• Jackson Dome
• McElmo Dome
• TRANSPORT OF CO2
  • FIGURE 44 U.S. CO2 PIPELINES
• PIPELINES
  • TABLE 97 U.S. CO2 PIPELINE AND TRANSPORT COSTS, 2007
  • TABLE 98 SUMMARY OF MAJOR U.S. CO2 PIPELINES, 2007
  • TABLE 98 (CONTINUED)
• Bravo Pipeline
• Centerline
• Canyon Reef Carriers
• Central Basin Pipeline
• Cortez Pipeline
• Este Pipeline
• Pecos Pipeline
• Powder River Basin
• Sheep Mountain Pipeline
• Slaughter Pipeline
• Val Verde
• West Texas Pipeline and the Llano Lateral
• Calgary Alberta CO2 Pipeline
• PIPELINE LEGISLATION
• TECHNOLOGY FOR CO2 PUMPED EOR
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• Importance of Research (Continued)
• CO2 EOR MARKET POTENTIAL
• CRUDE OIL MARKET POTENTIAL
  • TABLE 99 CO2 DAILY DELIVERIES FOR EOR BY COMPANY, 2008 (MMCF)
  • FIGURE 45 CO2 DELIVERIES TO THE EOR MARKET BY MAJOR COMPANY, 2007 (%)
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
• MARKET COMPETITION
• EOR HISTORY AND PROJECTIONS
  • TABLE 100 COST PER BARREL OF OIL USING CO2 EOR FLOODING, 2007 ($)
  • FIGURE 46 COST SHARES PER BARREL OF OIL FOR CO2 EOR, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 101 VALUE OF EOR TO TEXAS ECONOMY, 2007 ($)
  • TABLE 102 VALUE NEW TEXAS CO2 EOR PROJECTS, 2006-2007 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 102 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 47 SHARES OF NEW TEXAS CO2 EOR PROJECTS BY COMPANY, 2006-2007 (%)
  • TABLE 103 NEW EOR PROJECTS IN TEXAS, 2006-2007
  • TABLE 103 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 103 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 104 PROJECTED U.S AND CANADIAN BARRELS OF OIL EQUIVALENT A DAY AND CO2 REQUIRED PER DAY, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 105 ONGOING CO2 FLOODING IN EOR PROJECTS IN THE U.S. AND REST OF WORLD, 2007
  • TABLE 105 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 105 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 106 REST OF WORLD EOR PROJECTS: OPERATING AND UNDER CONSIDERATION, 2007
  • TABLE 106 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 106 (CONTINUED)
• CO2 MERCHANT MARKET
  • TABLE 107 WORLWIDE PROJECTED CO2 PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
  • TABLE 108 CO2 STATISTICS BY MAJOR COMPANY, 2007
  • FIGURE 48 WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 MARKET SHARES BY MAJOR COMPANY, 2007
  • TABLE 109 NORTH AMERICAN CO2 MERCHANT SALES, 2007
  • FIGURE 49 NORTH AMERICAN MERCHANT CO2 SALES BY FORM, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 110 PROJECTED U.S. CO2 PRODUCTION FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
  • TABLE 111 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
• ETHANOL AND CO2 COPRODUCTION
  • TABLE 112 PROJECTED U.S. ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND CO2 COPRODUCT, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 113 WORLDWIDE CO2 MERCHANT MARKET BY REGION, 2007
  • FIGURE 50 WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 MARKET SHARES BY REGION, 2007 (%)
  • TABLE 114 CO2 APPLICATIONS
  • TABLE 114 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 115 CO2 APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2012 (MMT)
  • FIGURE 51 WORLDWIDE MERCHANT CO2 MARKET SHARES BY APPLICATION TYPE, 2007
• Ethanol and CO2 Coproduction (Continued)
• Beverages
• Dry Cleaning and Industrial Cleaning
  • TABLE 116 APPLICATION MARKETS FOR CO2 CLEANING BY REGION, 2007
• Dry Cleaning and … (Continued)
• Electronics Industry
• Food
• Inerting
• Other Uses
• Pharmaceutical
• Refrigeration
  • TABLE 117 REFRIGERATION USES OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 2007
• Water Treatment
• Welding
• THE CARBON MARKET
  • TABLE 118 VALUE CARBON MARKET, MMT CO2 AVOIDED, MMT CO2 CAPTURED, TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 52 PROJECTED VALUE OF THE CARBON MARKET, 2005-2012 ($ BILLIONS)
  • TABLE 119 PROJECTED VALUE OF CO2 CAPTURE PROJECTS AND METRIC TONS, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 120 PROJECTED IGCC CO2 POTENTIAL FOR EMISSION CREDITS VS PC AND SPC POWER PLANTS, THROUGH 2012
  • TABLE 121 IGCC, SUBCRITICAL PC AND SUPERCRITICAL PC CO2
• EMISSIONS COMPARISON (LBS/MWH)
• CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
• Clean Development Mechanism (continued)
  • TABLE 122 CO2 GROWTH AND VALUE, THROUGH 2012
• PROJECT-BASED TRANSACTIONS
• CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
  • TABLE 123 WORLDWIDE CDM CREDIT SOURCES BY COUNTRY AND REGION (%)
  • FIGURE 53 WORLDWIDE SOURCES OF CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECTS BY COUNTRY/REGION (%)
• REMOVAL UNITS
• EMISSION REDUCTION CREDITS
• CERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
• EUROPEAN UNION ALLOWANCES
• GREEN TAGS
• JI PROJECTS

Chapter- 8: RESEARCH

• TABLE 124 WORLDWIDE CO2 RESEARCH SPENDING BY REGION, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• FIGURE 54 RESEARCH SPENDING WORLDWIDE FOR CO2 CAPTURE BY REGION, 2007 (%)
• UNITED STATES
  • TABLE 125 OVERVIEW VALUE OF U.S. CO2 MITIGATION RESEARCH PROGRAMS, 2007 ($ MILLIONS/%)
  • TABLE 125 (CONTINUED)
  • FIGURE 55 DOE SPONSORED RESEARCH TO REDUCE CO2 EMISSIONS BE RESEARCH AREA, 2007 (%)
• ADVANCED RESEARCH
• Advanced Turbines
• Basic Energy Sciences
• Biomass and Biorefinery Systems
• Carbon Sequestration
• Clean Coal Power Initiative
• Climate Change Research
• FutureGen
• Fuels and Power Systems
• Genomes: GTL Research
• Hydrogen Technology
• Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
• EUROPEAN UNION
• EUROPEAN UNION (CONTINUED)
• CHINA-EU/COACH
• GERMANY
• NORWAY
• CHINA
• JAPAN
• AUSTRALIA
• REST OF WORLD
• RESEARCH BY TECHNOLOGY
  • TABLE 126 PROJECTED VALUE OF CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY MATERIALS RESEARCH, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 127 CCS MATERIALS RESEARCH MARKET BY APPLICATION, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FIGURE 56 CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS MATERIALS RESEARCH MARKET SHARES BY APPLICATION, 2007 (%)
• COMBUSTORS/TURBINES
  • TABLE 128 VALUE OF COMBUSTOR/TURBINE RESEARCH PROJECTS ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 129 VALUE MEMBRANE RESEARCH, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 129 (CONTINUED)
• ZEOLITES
  • TABLE 130 VALUE OF ZEOLITE RESEARCH FOR CO2 CAPTURE, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• SILICATES
  • TABLE 131 DATA ON SILICATE RESEARCH INVESTIGATORS FOR CARBON CAPTURE, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 131 (CONTINUED)
• IONIC LIQUIDS
  • TABLE 132 VALUE IONIC LIQUIDS RESEARCH FOR CO2 CAPTURE, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• OTHER CO2 ABSORBENT MATERIALS
  • TABLE 133 VALUE OTHER CO2 ABSORBENT MATERIALS RESEARCH, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
  • TABLE 133 (CONTINUED)
• LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION RESEARCH PROJECTS
  • TABLE 134 VALUE OF U.S. CO2 GEOLOGIC STORAGE PROJECTS, 2007 ($ MILLIONS)
• BIG SKY REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
• MIDWEST GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION CONSORTIUM
• MIDWEST REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
• PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP
• Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership (continued)
• SOUTHEAST REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP
• SOUTHWEST REGIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
• WEST COAST REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRATION PARTNERSHIP

Chapter- 9: LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY DRIVERS

• TABLE 135 PENDING U.S. FEDERAL LEGISLATION FOR CAPS ON CO2 AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES CAPTURE, 2007-2008
• TABLE 135 (CONTINUED)
• LEGISLATION FOR CCS FUNDING, INCENTIVES, AND TAX CREDITS
  • TABLE 136 U.S. FEDERAL LEGISLATION FOR CCS FUNDING: INCENTIVES AND TAX CREDITS, 2007-2008
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
  • TABLE 136 (CONTINUED)
• ADMINISTRATION
• EPA CO2 SEQUESTRATION RULES
• JUDICIAL
• U.S. SUPREME COURT RULES CO2 A POLLUTANT
• STATE LEGISLATION
  • TABLE 137 U.S. STATES WITH CO2 REGULATIONS, 2007
• FOREIGN REGULATION AND LEGISLATION
• KYOTO PROTOCOL
• EUROPEAN UNION
• CANADA
• LONDON PROTOCOL-SUBSEA CO2 REGULATIONS
• EUROPEAN CLIMATE EXCHANGE
• VOLUNTARY REGULATION
• Chicago Climate Exchange, Inc.

Chapter- 10: COMPANY PROFILES

• PRE-COMBUSTION COMPANIES
• AGRIUM, INC.
• Agrium U.S., Inc.
• AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER
• BAARD ENERGY
• Nordic Energy of Ashtabula, LLC
• BABCOCK & BROWN
• Babcock & Brown (U.S.)
• BABCOCK POWER, INC.
• Vogt Power International, Inc.
• BASIN ELECTRIC POWER COOPERATIVE
• BECHTEL
• BLACK & VEATCH CORP.
• BP
• BP Alternative Energy
• BUFFALO ENERGY PARTNERS CO., LLC
• BURNS AND ROE
• CANSOLV
• CHEVRONTEXACO
• CHRISTIAN COUNTY GENERATION, LLC
• CLEAN COAL POWER RESOURCES
• CME INTERNATIONAL
• CONOCOPHILLIPS
• DAKOTA GASIFICATION CO.
• DENBURY RESOURCES, INC.
• DKRW ADVANCED FUELS, LLC
• DUKE ENERGY
• EDISON MISSION ENERGY
• EL PASO CORP.
• ENERGY EXPEDITERS, INC.
• ENERGY NORTHWEST
• E.ON
• EPCO CARBON DIOXIDE
• EPCOR
• ERORA GROUP
• EXCEL ENERGY
• EXCELSIOR ENERGY
• FIRST ENERGY CONSOL
• First Energy
• FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO.
• FOSTER WHEELER
• FOSTER WHEELER ITALIANA
• GE ENERGY
• GLOBAL ENERGY, INC.
• GREAT LAKES ENERGY RESEARCH PARK (GLERP)
• GREATPOINT ENERGY
• GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP, INC.
• IDAHO POWER CO.
• J POWER
• KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT
• KENTUCKY PIONEER ENERGY, LLC
• LEUCADIA NATIONAL CORP.
• LURGI OEL GAS CHEMIE GMBH
• MADISON POWER CORP.
• MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
• MONTGOMERY GREAT FALLS ENERGY PARTNERS, LP
• MOUNTAIN ISLAND ENERGY, LLC
• M&M ENERGY, LLC
• NORTHERN LIGHTS/SYNENCO
• NRG ENERGY
• ORLANDO UTILITIES COMMISSION
• OTTER CREEK
• PACIFIC CORP.
• PINION PINE
• POLK COUNTY POWER PLANT
• POWERFUEL, PLC
• REFINED ENERGY HOLDINGS, LLC (REH)
• Southeast Idaho Energy, LLC (SIE)
• RENTECH, INC.
• SHELL
• SHERRITT INTERNATIONAL
• SIEMENS POWER GENERATION GROUP
• SOUTHERN COMPANY SERVICES
• STEELHEAD ENERGY CO.
• SUMMIT POWER GROUP, INC.
• SYNTHESIS ENERGY SYSTEMS
• TAMPA ELECTRIC
• TEXAS ENERGY FUTURE HOLDINGS, LTD. PARTNERSHIP
• TONDU CORP.
• UHDE
• UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
• URS CORP.
• URS Corp.
• WABASH POWER STATION TERRE HAUTE INDIANA
• ZMMF
• OXY-COMBUSTION COMPANIES
• AIR LIQUIDE SOCIETE
• AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
• BOC GROUP, INC.
• CLEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
• CO2-GLOBAL, LLC
• DOOSAN BABCOCK ENERGY
• FRAZIER-SIMPLEX, INC.
• HISMELT CORP.
• INSTITUTE OF EARTH PHYSICS OF PARIS
• INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE PETROLE
• JUPITER OXYGEN
• NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY
• PRAXAIR
• VATTENFALL UTVECKLING AB
• VTT (TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND)
• POST-COMBUSTION COMPANIES
• ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL/KERR-MCGEE
• AKER KVAERNER ASA
• Aker Kvaerner (U.S.)
• AKER KVAERNER
• AIRGAS, INC.
• AIRGAS
• AIR LIQUIDE
• ALCOA
• ALSTOM
• AMEC
• ANADARKO PETROLEUM CORP.
• BASF
• BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
• THE BEARD CO.
• BLUE SOURCE, LLC
• BRITISH PETROLEUM
• BW SHIPPING MANAGERS PTE, LTD.
• CHART INDUSTRIES
• COFFEYVILLE RESOURCES NITROGEN FERTILIZERS, LLC
• COMART SPA
• COOL ENERGY, LTD.
• CO2 TECH
• CO2CRC
• CO2REMOVE
• CRF PTY, LTD.
• CRYOGENIC CONSTRUCTION, INC.
• DOW
• EESTECH, INC.
• ENCANA
• ENEL S.P.A
• ENECOGEN
• ENHANCED OIL RESOURCES, INC.
• EPCO CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTS, INC.
• EVOLUTION PETROLEUM CORP.
• EXXON
• FALCON GAS STORAGE CO., INC.
• FLUOR
• GASSCO AS
• GE
• GIAMMARCO-VETROCOKE
• HARBIN ELECTRIC
• HUNTSMAN CORP.
• HYDROGEN ENERGY
• INDO GULF FERTILIZER CO.
• INEOS OXIDE, LTD.
• INTERNATIONAL POWER AUSTRALIA PTY, LTD.
• JAPAN OIL DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. (JODCO)
• KINDER MORGAN ENERGY PARTNERS, LP
• LINDE
• LOTEPRO CORP.
• LUKOIL
• MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, INC.
• MICELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
• NATCO CYNARA MEMBRANES
• NEWPOINT GAS SERVICES, INC.
• NIPPON SHOKUBAI CO., LTD.
• NORTH WEST UPGRADING, INC.
• OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORP.
• ORIENTAL UNION CHEMICAL CORP.
• POWERSPAN CORP.
• PRAXAIR
• PROCESS GROUP- HAZELWOOD 2030
• QINGDAO GREAT CHEMICAL, INC.
• RANCHER ENERGY CORP.
• RIO TINTO
• R.R. STREET & CO., INC.
• RWE NPOWER
• SARGAS AS
• SASOL O&S
• SCHLUMBERGER
• SEMGREEN, LP
• SEMGROUP
• SHELL
• SINTEZ OKA, LLC
• STATOIL
• THERMOENERGY
• TOTAL ELF AFINA
• Total American Services, Inc.
• TOYO ENGINEERING CORP.
• TRANSCANADA CORP.
• TRINITY CO2, LLC
• TUCSON ELECTRIC POWER CO.
• U.K. DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS AND ENTERPRISE
• UNIVERSAL INDUSTRIAL GASES, INC.
• UOP, LLC
• VATTENFALL AB
• W.L. GORE
• WINTERSHALL
• WALLULA RESOURCE RECOVERY
• WITTEMANN-CRYOGENIC INDUSTRIES GROUP

Chapter- 11: APPENDIX

• TABLE 138 ABBREVIATED MEASUREMENTS
• TABLE 138 (CONTINUED)
• TABLE 139 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
• TABLE 140 ACRONYMS
• TABLE 140 (CONTINUED)
• TABLE 140 (CONTINUED)