Hydrogen Generation for Fuel Cells

SUMMARY

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study is to review the potential growth of hydrogenenergy generation and storage of hydrogen for fuel cells. The study provides anin-depth analysis of the pertinent technical and economic drivers for thegeneration and storage of hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cells as well asforecasting growth of the industry sectors. The topics are detailed withstatistical and analytical information on markets, applications, industrystructure, and dynamics, along with technological developments. This reportfocuses on the reforming technologies, electrolyzers, and storage components,such as hydrides and tanks. The study also discusses emerging technologies forhydrogen production and storage as well as identifying large and small companiesand the technologies they offer.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

The U.S. Department of Energy has identified hydrogen storage and productionas a priority for research and development. Fuel cells are a technology formeeting U.S. energy and power needs well into this century. Unlike power plantsthat use conventional technologies, fuel cell plants that generate electricityand usable heat are environmentally clean and can be made in a wide range ofcapacities. The technologies to create the needed hydrogen on a consumer levelare in development. The ultimate winners have not been selected, and competitorsinclude both large and small companies with generous government subsidies tohelp determine what works easy and well and can be manufactured at the samecosts as current equipment for generating electricity about $400 - $600 perkilowatt.

By 2010, an estimated 130 GW of new generating capacity will beinstalled in the U.S. In world markets and within a much shorter time frame,nearly 550 GW of generating capacity will be added. Fuel cell commercializationopportunities in the U.S. market are focused in several large-scale areas:re-powering, central power plants, industrial generators, vehicles, andcommercial/residential generators.

Nonetheless promising are a host of fuel cell applications that are presentvirtually anywhere electrical power is a factor. From large-scalepower-intensive applications such as desalination, automotive transportation,self-contained residential power, and emergency backup, to portable productssuch as computers, cell phones, flashlights, watches, cameras, and musicplayers, fuel cells are an alternative to traditional power supply.

Fuel celladvocates proclaim the technology as one of the most momentous leaps forward ofthe era. Most of those visions, however, have yet to materialize. With the mostrecent developments in materials, size, and cost structure-making affordable,renewable, nonpolluting power a realistic option for a myriad ofapplications-the fuel cell potential seems clearly large. At the same time, thevariety of uses requires wide-ranging understanding of particular markets.

ThisBCC technical marketing study provides an in-depth analysis of fuel celltechnology and hydrogen generation, and their expected role in power-generationmarkets.

CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

This study aims to provide persons interested in acquisitions or expansion offuel cell technology, specifically the fueling systems and production ofhydrogen from renewable sources, with specific, detailed information to makeinformed decisions. In addition, those who simply want to stay abreast of thestate of the art will find this study worthwhile.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

Uses of hydrogen other than as a feed for fuel cells are not considered inthis study. Despite the rapidly expanding array of applications, fuel celltechnology development is still limited to a range of materials and methods, aswell as manufacturers. With both the technology and the market in nascentstates, complexities are expected to multiply along with increased demand asmore sectors prove themselves in application and become financially feasible.With working fuel cell examples such as electric cars demonstrating the validityof industry enthusiasts' hopes, this study has a prime opportunity tocomprehensively cover the range of technology and market dynamics while thesedynamics are still limited in scale.

The report includes comparisons of costsfor various fuel cell materials and configurations. The markets are summarizedby region and the types of cells, along with the players or potential players inthe market.

METHODOLOGY

Research for this report began with an in-depth analysis of technical andbusiness literature, a well as a review of the history of the technology.Interviews with industry experts, company representatives, federal governmentresearchers, and university scientists provided the basis for an assessment ofthe outlook for hydrogen generation and storage applications. Secondary sourcesof information include product literature from fuel cell system suppliers, andnumerous scientific references, patent searches, and BCC's Fuel Cell TechnologyNews, Battery and EV Technology News, and Membrane & Separation TechnologyNews.

The report makes projections for each market in terms of constantdollars. Historical values are presented for the given year, with focus on theU.S. Overseas activity is also presented, putting the U.S. market into globalcontext. Estimates of the fuel cell applications installed in particular areaswere obtained either from surveys done or from estimates of those knowledgeablein the industry. Values that are given for these processes are generally basedon the best estimates from those involved in the commercialization of thetechnology. These values reflect only the current small U.S. sales figures;however, this report makes some reference to the world markets in cases wherethose markets exert substantial influence on the U.S. market sector. Projectionsfor the 2003 to 2008 time period are given in 2003 constant dollars andrepresent real growth. Where precise information was not available, a consensuswas made using a formulation of reasonable assumptions and estimates based on abaseline obtained from historical data.

Estimates are based both on theestimated dollar value of number of units actually installed and the researchvalue in the area of hydrogen generation and storage. The research dollarsgranted by the government are often matched or more than matched by privateresearch spending. Although a great deal of the money is devoted to the salariesof scientists and engineers, a certain amount of money still must be spent onmaterials. The amounts of research spending, combined with the amounts actuallyspent to install hydrogen generation and storage units for practical use, formsthe basis for the market estimates.

Gas volumes, in particular hydrogen, inthis report assume the gas is at standard temperature and pressure. Standardtemperature is 0ºC and standard pressure is one atmosphere absolute. Theterm "normal" is sometimes used in place of STP, but is not so used inthis report. Gas volumes in this report are at STP, unless otherwise noted. Acubic foot of gas at STP is an SCF.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

• STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
• REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
• CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
• SCOPE AND FORMAT
• METHODOLOGY
• INFORMATION SOURCES
• VALUE OF THE REPORT
• RELATED BCC, INC. PUBLICATIONS
• BCC ON-LINE SERVICES
  • INTERNET
• AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS
• DISCLAIMER

SUMMARY

• Summary Table:
  GLOBAL HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICE VALUE BY ENERGYAPPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS INCLUDING R&D$)
• Summary Figure:
  GLOBAL HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICE VALUE BY ENERGYAPPLICATION, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS INCLUDING R&D$)

HYDROGEN ENERGY OVERVIEW

• STORAGE AND DELIVERY
• FUEL SOURCES
• ASSUMPTIONS
• SOURCES
• REFORMERS
• MARKET VALUE OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FOR POWER
• Table 1 GLOBAL HYDROGEN FUEL SYSTEMS VALUE AND MARKET SHARE, BYAPPLICATION TYPE, 2003 ($ MILLIONS, INCLUDING R&D$, %)
• Figure 1 MARKET SHARES FOR GLOBAL HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDELIVERY DEVICES, BY APPLICATION, 2008
• Table 2 HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICES VALUE AND SHAREBY APPLICATION TYPE, 2008 ($ MILLIONS INCLUDING R&D$, %)
  • STATIONARY
• Table 3 MARKET FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICES FORSTATIONARY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 (UNITS, MW, $ MILLIONS INCLUDINGR&D $)
• Table 4 PER UNIT COMPONENT COSTS OF 50 KW STEAM REFORMING UNIT BY SYSTEMPARTS, 2008 ($, %)
• Table 5 VALUE OF EACH COMPONENT IN POTENTIAL STATIONARY REFORMER MARKET,2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • VEHICULAR
• Table 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERYDEVICES FOR VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 (UNITS, MW, $ MILLIONS)
  • PORTABLE
• Table 7 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERYDEVICES FOR PORTABLE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 (UNITS, MW, $ MILLIONS)
  • OTHER HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION MARKET OVERVIEW
    • U.S. CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN
• Table 8 1997 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN BY INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIALAPPLICATIONS (MILLIONS OF CUBIC FEET)
• Table 9 2003 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN BY INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIALAPPLICATIONS (MILLIONS OF CUBIC FEET)
  • Merchant Hydrogen
• Table 10 MERCHANT HYDROGEN USE BY APPLICATION, 2003
• Table 11 INDUSTRIAL HYDROGEN USE, BY APPLICATION 2003 (%)
  • Merchant Hydrogen (Continued)

HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE OVERVIEW

• HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE OVERVIEW
• Table 12 STARTING SOURCES OF WORLD HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, 2003 (BILLIONS M3,%)
  • U.S. HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE
    • STATIONARY
    • VEHICULAR
    • PORTABLE

FUEL CELL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

• Table 13 GLOBAL VALUES OF FUEL CELL SYSTEMS, BY APPLICATION, 2008 ($MILLIONS)
• Figure 2 GLOBAL VALUES OF FUEL CELL SYSTEMS, BY APPLICATION, 2008 ($MILLIONS)
• Table 14 APPLICATION OF REFORMERS AND HYDROGEN STORAGE
  • FUEL CELL TYPES
    • PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE-PEM
    • Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells-DMFC
    • PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL-PAFC
    • Other Developments
    • ALKALINE FUEL CELLS-AFC
    • Other Developments
    • MOLTEN-CARBONATE FUEL CELLS-MCFC
    • Other Developments
    • SOLID-OXIDE FUEL CELLS-SOFC
    • Other Developments
    • REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS
  • VALUE OF THE FUEL CELL MARKET
• Table 15 GLOBAL SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS SYSTEMS BYCHEMISTRY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • STATIONARY
• Table 16 GLOBAL FUEL CELL MARKET FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008($ MILLIONS)
  • VEHICULAR
• Table 17 GLOBAL FUEL CELL MARKET FOR VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008($ MILLIONS)
  • PORTABLE
• Table 18 GLOBAL EXPENDITURES FOR PORTABLE FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN DELIVERYDEVICES INCLUDING R&D VALUES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • MARKET EVOLUTION
  • FUNDING AND GOVERNMENT
  • U.S. GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY AND REGULATIONS
• Table 19 TOTAL GLOBAL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FC AND H2 INFRASTRUCTURESPENDING, INCLUDING R&D VALUES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 3 TOTAL GLOBAL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FC AND H2 INFRASTRUCTURESPENDING, INCLUDING R&D VALUES, 2002-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 20 GOVERNMENT FUNDS FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION OF FUEL CELLS ANDHYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE, THROUGH 2008
• Table 21 PRIVATE R&D FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING,THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • FREEDOMCAR
  • CLEAN AIR LAWS
  • DOE AND DOD FUEL CELL PROGRAMS
  • HOUSE AND SENATE BILLS 2003
  • H.R. 6
• Table 22 SUMMARY EXPECTED H.R. 6 FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTUREFUNDING, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 23 H.R. 6 TOTAL FUNDING FOR ENERGY RESEARCH BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENTACCORDING TO BILL SUBSECTIONS, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 23 (CONTINUED)
  • H.R. 6 (Continued)
  • H.R. 6 (Continued)
  • H.R. 6 (Continued)
  • Hydrogen and FreedomCAR
  • Hydrogen and FreedomCAR (Continued)
• Table 24 H.R. 6 EXPECTED U.S. FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN R&D FUNDING BYTHE U.S. GOVERNMENT EXTRAPOLATED FROM BILL SUBSECTIONS, 2004-2008 ($MILLIONS)
• Table 24 (CONTINUED)
  • H.R.238 Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, andCommercial Application Act of 2003
  • CLEAR Act
  • H.R. 1299 & S. 587, The Hydrogen Transportation Wins OverGrowing Reliance on Oil (H2 GROW) Act
  • H.R. 1335, The National Parks Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Act
  • H.R. 1395
  • H.R. 1436, Energy Independence and Security Act of 2003
  • H.R. 1458, The Homeland Infrastructure Power Security &Assurance Incentives Act of 2003
  • H.R. 1461, Clean School Buses Act
  • H.R.1491, Securing Transportation Energy Efficiency for TomorrowAct
  • H.R. 1531, Energy Tax Policy Act of 2003
  • H.R. 1644, Energy Policy Act of 2003
  • H.R.1773 & S.739 The George E. Brown, Jr. and Robert S. WalkerHydrogen Future Act of 2003
  • H.R.1774, The FreedomCAR and Hydrogen Fuel Act of 2003
  • H.R.1777
  • S. 461, The Hydrogen Fuel Cell Act of 2003
• Table 25 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL ACT OF 2003 FUNDING 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
  • S.758
  • S.821, The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Energy Act of 2003
• Table 26 APPROPRIATIONS OF THE HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL ENERGY ACT OF 2003,2004-2010
  • STATE ACTIVITY AND REGULATIONS
    • CA, NY, MA VEHICLE REGULATIONS
    • THE CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP (CAFCP)
    • The California Fuel Cell Partnership (CAFCP) (Continued)
    • CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD-CARB
    • CONNECTICUT CLEAN ENERGY FUND
    • ILLINOIS
    • MICHIGAN NEXTENERGY INITIATIVE-MEDC
    • NEW YORK STATE FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP
    • OHIO
    • Ohio (Continued)
    • PENNSYLVANIA
    • TEXAS FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP
    • Texas Fuel Cell Partnership (Continued)
    • OTHER STATES
  • FOREIGN ACTIVITY
    • INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP FOR THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY
    • KYOTO TREATY
    • EUROPE
    • JAPAN
    • Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
    • Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFCs)
    • Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
    • CHINA
    • DEVELOPING NATIONS
    • THE IEA HYDROGEN AGREEMENT
    • EUROPEAN INTEGRATED HYDROGEN PROJECT-EIHP
    • JAPANESE FUEL CELL VEHICLE REGULATIONS

REFORMING AND GENERATING TECHNOLOGIES

• REFORMING AND GENERATING TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)
• REFORMING AND GENERATING TECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)
• STEAM REFORMING
  • METHANOL STEAM REFORMING
  • STEAM REFORMING NATURAL GAS
• Table 27 STEAM METHANE REFORMING HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTS ($/KG)
  • PARTIAL OXIDATION
• Table 28 COST OF NONCATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION ($/GJ)
  • AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING
• Table 29 ESTIMATED COST OF METHANOL AUTOTHERMAL REFORMER ($)
  • CATALYTIC STEAM REFORMING
  • PLASMA REFORMERS
  • PURIFICATION REFORMING
  • PYROLYSIS
  • OTHER HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
    • BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
• Table 30 BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTS ($/GJ; $/DRY TON)
  • Recent Developments
  • Soil Bacteria
  • Photobiological Mutant Clones
  • Photobiological Mutant Clones (Continued)
  • Hydrogen Power Systems
  • General Atomics
  • University of North Dakota
  • Pyrolysis of Biomass
  • Production of Hydrogen from Peanut Shells
  • Oak Ridge National Laboratory
  • Supercritical Gasification of Biomass
  • Other
• Table 31 BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION RESEARCH
  • Photobiological Systems
  • National Renewable Energy Laboratory - NREL
  • National Renewable Energy Laboratory - NREL (Continued)
  • Molecular Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
  • Melis Energy's Algae
  • Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth
  • Other Biological Production Projects
• Table 32 RENEWABLE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROJECTS
  • MARKET SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY
• Table 33 STATIONARY REFORMING MARKET BY COMPANY TECHNOLOGY FOCUS ANDPERCENT OF MARKET FOR MAJOR REFORMING TECHNOLOGIES (%)
• Table 34 HYDROGEN REFORMERS FOR STATIONARY FUEL CELLS BY FUEL TYPE ANDELECTROLYZERS, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

ELECTROLYZERS AND ELECTROLYSIS

• PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYZERS
• ELECTROLYSIS TECHNIQUES
  • HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS
  • REVERSIBLE HYDROBROMIC ACID ELECTROLYSIS
  • ELECTROLYSIS OF METHANOL
• ELECTROLYZER APPLICATIONS
• Table 35 GLOBAL ELECTROLYZER VALUE VS REFORMER VALUE FOR ALL HYDROGENDELIVERY DEVICE APPLICATIONS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)
• Figure 4 GLOBAL ELECTROLYZER MARKET SHARES, BY AREA OF APPLICATIONS, 2008
• Table 36 ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY APPLICATIONS, BY END USEAPPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 5 ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY APPLICATIONS, BY END USEAPPLICATION, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 37 ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY MARKET SHARES BY END USEAPPLICATION, 2003-2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)
  • INDUSTRIAL
  • COMMERCIAL/UPS
  • RESIDENTIAL MARKET
  • REMOTE ELECTROLYSIS
  • REVERSIBLE SOFC FOR GRID INDEPENDENT BUILDINGS
  • Reversible SOFC for Grid .. (Continued)
• Table 38 OFF GRID ENGINE VS. REVERSIBLE SOFC SUPPLY ($/KWH/TONS)
• Table 39 TRADITIONAL UPS INSTALLED COSTS ($)
• Table 40 TYPICAL DISTRIBUTED POWER TECHNOLOGIES COSTS, 2003 ($ PER KW)
  • TRANSPORTATION
  • Fuel Cell Vehicle Fueling
  • Fuel Cell Vehicle Fueling (Continued)
• Table 41 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #1), THROUGH2008
• Table 42 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #2), THROUGH2008
• Table 43 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #3), THROUGH2008
• Table 44 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #4), THROUGH2008
• Table 45 SCENARIOS FOR ELECTROLYZER SHARE OF THE 2008 HYDROGEN VEHICLEREFUELING MARKET* ($ MILLIONS)
  • OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
  • Helios Prototype
  • Fleet Fueling
  • Prototype P3-1A
  • Prototype P3-1B LP
  • Prototype P3-1B HP
  • Prototype P3-5 Cell Stack Assembly
  • Air Products/Plug Power Fueling Station
  • Sunlight Station
  • BMW Hydrogen Station
  • Desert Research Institute
  • Proton Energy and UPS
  • Stirling Cycle Engines
  • ELECTROLYZER/ELECTROLYSIS MARKET STRUCTURE
• Figure 6 ELECTROLYZER MARKET, BY NUMBER OF COMPANIES
• Table 46 ELECTROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY BY NUMBER OF COMPANIES
  • STRUCTURE OF THE ELECTROLYZER INDUSTRY
• Table 47 2003 MARKET SHARES OF ENERGY ELECTROLYZER INDUSTRY INCLUDINGREVENUES PLUS R&D EXPENSES ($ MILLIONS, %)
  • ELECTOLYZER INDUSTRY COMPANY PROFILES
  • American Energy Power Systems, Inc.
  • Anuvu
  • Arizona Hydrogen Manufacturing Inc.
  • ChevronTexaco
  • Analytic Energy Systems LLC
  • ChevronTexaco/Ovonic Fuel Cell Company LLC
  • Element 1 Power Systems Inc.
  • Elwatec GmbH
  • Emission Controls
  • FST, Inc.
  • Gaskatel GmbH
  • GenCell Corporation
  • Genesis World Energy
  • Genesis World Energy (Continued)
  • Genesis World Energy (Continued)
  • Genesis World Energy (Continued)
  • Genesis World Energy (Continued)
  • Giner, Inc.
  • GreenVOLT Power Corp
  • Hamilton Sundstrand
  • Honda/Plug Power
  • Hydrogenics Corporation
  • Hydrogen Systems N.V.
  • Lynntech
  • NovArs Gesellschaft für neue Technologien GmbH
  • Natural Resources Canada
  • Parker/Chromtech
  • Proton Energy Systems
  • Nicholas Roe and Arthur Roe
  • Nicholas Roe and Arthur Roe (Continued)
  • Stuart Energy Systems
  • Tathacus Resources Ltd
  • Technology Management Inc (TMI)
  • Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (TES)
  • Via-Tek
  • Wellman CJB Ltd.
  • Xogen Power Inc.
  • Xogen Power Inc. (Continued)

STORAGE

• STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
  • CYLINDERS
• Table 48 COMPRESSED PRESSURE VESSEL PRICING ($)
• Table 49 HYDROGEN TRANSPORT COSTS ($)
  • HYDRIDES
  • Costs
  • CARBON
• Table 50 HYDROGEN STORAGE IN CARBON
  • Costs
  • GLASS MICROSPHERES
  • MAGNESIUM
  • PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE
  • MARKET SHARE
• Table 51 VALUE OF HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELLS, THROUGH2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Figure 7 VALUE OF HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELLS, 2000-2008($ MILLIONS)
• Table 52 PROJECTED MARKET SHARE OF VARIOUS STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES INCLUSIVEOF R&D VALUES, 2003 AND 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)
  • STRUCTURE OF THE HYDROGEN STORAGE INDUSTRY
• Table 53 ESTIMATED 2003 MARKET SHARES OF HYDROGEN STORAGE ($ MILLIONS)
  • INDUSTRY PROFILES
  • A.D. Little/Nuvera
  • Air Products/Japan Metals and Chemicals Company, Ltd.
  • Advanced Technical Products, Inc.
  • Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies, Ltd.
  • BMW and Magna Hydrogen Storage Tank
  • Catalytic Materials
  • Dynetek
  • ChevronTexaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems
  • Energy Conversion Devices (ECD)
  • Ergenics
  • FIBA Technologies, Inc.
  • HERA Hydrogen Storage Systems, Inc
  • Hydro Environmental Resources, Inc. (HERI)
  • Hughes Electronics
  • Hydrogen Components, Inc.
  • JMC (USA), Inc.
  • Labtech International Ltd.
  • Linde Group
  • Magna International
  • Manhattan Scientifics, Inc.
  • Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp. (MER)
  • National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
  • National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
  • National University of Singapore
  • Palcan Fuel Cell Co. Ltd.
  • Powerball
  • Powerball (Continued)
  • Quantum Technologies WorldWide, Inc.
  • Safe Hydrogen, LLC
  • Safe Hydrogen, LLC (Continued)
  • Savannah River Company
  • ChevronTexaco Ovonic Hydrogen Systems LLC
  • Thermo Power Corporation
  • Thiokol Propulsion
  • Linde Gas AG
  • UCAR International Inc
  • UNITED TECHNOLOGIES
  • RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
  • Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Storage
  • University of Hawaii
  • Other
• Table 54 ADVANCED SOLID STORAGE RESEARCH PROJECTS
  • FOREIGN STORAGE
  • Metal Hydride Alloy
  • Hydrogen/Absorbing Tank
  • Hydrogen Purification System
  • Liquid Hydride
  • Nanohorns
  • Nanohorns (Continued)

HYDROGEN COSTS

• Table 55 HYDROGEN ENERGY CONVERSION (KWH)
• Table 56 HYDROGEN PRICES BY DELIVERY METHOD AND ON SITE PRODUCTION METHODSFOR CONVENTIONAL AND ENERGY USES ($/LB.)
  • STATIONARY REFORMER COSTS
• Table 57 SUMMARY KW COSTS FOR 50 KW PEM STATIONARY FUEL CELL AND REFORMERSYSTEMS* ($)
• Table 58 SUBSYSTEMS COSTS BREAKDOWN OF 50 KW PEM STATIONARY FUEL CELL ANDREFORMER SYSTEM* ($)
• Table 59 COSTS PER KW FOR REFORMER SUBSYSTEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF HYDROGENFUEL SYSTEM COSTS ($/KW, %)
  • OFF-SITE STEAM REFORMING OF NATURAL GAS
  • ELECTROLYSIS COSTS
• Table 60 ELECTROLYZER CAPITAL COSTS AND ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTSVIA ELECTROLYSIS VS. REFORMING CAPITAL COSTS AND REFORMING OPERATIONAL COSTS($/GJ)
  • VEHICLE REFORMER COSTS
    • VEHICLE REFORMER COSTS (CONTINUED)
    • DISTRIBUTED ONSITE GENERATION OF HYDROGEN
• Table 61 MASS PRODUCTION CAPITAL COSTS FOR REFUELING STATIONS ($)
• Table 62 CAPITAL COSTS ESTIMATES FOR STEAM AND AUTOTHERMAL REFORMERS ($)
• Table 63 HYDROGEN COSTS AT REFUELING STATIONS ($/GJ)
• Table 64 HYDROGEN AND GASOLINE EQUIVALENT PRICING EUROPE AND U.S.($/GALLON)
• Table 65 HYDROGEN/GASOLINE/ELECTRICITY PRICE EQUIVALENTS
  • PORTABLE COSTS
  • GENERATION AND STORAGE SYSTEMS COST SUMMARY
• Figure 8 REFORMING COSTS VS. STORAGE COSTS (%)
• Table 66 MARKET VALUE AND SHARES FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDISPENSING SUBSYSTEMS INCLUSIVE OF R&D EXPENDITURES, THROUGH 2008 ($MILLIONS/$ PER KW)
• Figure 9 MARKET VALUE AND SHARES FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDISPENSING SUBSYSTEMS INCLUSIVE OF R&D EXPENDITURES, 2003 AND 2008
  • COSTS FOR THE FUTURE

STATIONARY MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH

• Figure 10 HYDROGEN ENERGY MARKET SHARE, 2008
• Table 67 ESTIMATED HYDROGEN ENERGY MARKET SHARE, 2008 (%)
  • U.S. ELECTRICAL DEMAND
• Figure 11 U.S. ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION, BY SECTOR
• Table 68 U.S. ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION, BY SECTOR, 2000
• Table 69 RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL VALUE AND GENERATIONSCENARIOS* ($ MILLIONS AT $1,000 PER KW)
• Table 70 FORECAST OF STATIONARY HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDISPENSING EQUIPMENT VALUES*, THROUGH 2008
• Table 71 FORECAST OF HYDROGEN GENERATION AND STORAGE EQUIPMENT VALUES,*2008 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 72 HYDROGEN DEMAND KILOGRAMS AND VALUE FOR NEW ELECTRIC GENERATION*,THROUGH 2008

MARKET SIZE AND GROWTH OF HYDROGEN DELIVERY

• SYSTEMS FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
• Table 73 VALUE OF U.S. SALES OF HYDROGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STATIONARYAPPLICATIONS, BY ELECTRICITY SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS AT $1,000 PERKW)
• Figure 12 VALUE OF U.S. SALES OF HYDROGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STATIONARYAPPLICATIONS, BY ELECTRICITY SECTOR, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS AT $1,000 PER KW)
  • INDUSTRIAL SITES
• Table 74 INDUSTRIAL SCENARIOS FOR HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION AND GENERATION,2008 (%)
  • COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
• Table 75 COMMERCIAL, SCENARIOS FOR HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION AND GENERATION,2008 (MW, %)
  • U.S. Remote Telecommunications Backup
• Table 76 U.S. REMOTE POWER BACKUP, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)
  • Uninterruptible Power Supplies
  • RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
• Table 77 RESIDENTIAL SCENARIOS FOR HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION, 2008 (MW, %)
  • Residential Electrolysis
• Table 78 COSTS OF HYDROGEN FROM ELECTROLYSIS IN LARGE AND SMALL PLANTS ($/GJ)
  • Remote Buildings
  • Remote Buildings (Continued)
  • U.S. ELECTRICITY DEMAND 2000 - 2020
• Table 79 HYDROGEN DELIVERY DEVICE AND ELECTRIC GENERATION (MW/%)
• Table 80 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY VS. HYDROGEN GENERATEDELECTRICITY, 2008 (KWH, %)
  • COST OF POWER OUTAGES
  • ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MARKET DRIVERS
  • DEREGULATION OF THE ELECTRIC INDUSTRY
  • CONSUMER SENTIMENT
  • TECHNICAL AND LOGISTICAL OBSTACLES
  • FUTURE TRENDS
    • DOE PROJECTS STATIONARY MARKET
• Table 81 HYDROGEN PROGRAM BENEFITS, 2000-2020
  • FOREIGN
    • RWE AG
• Table 82 EUROPEAN HYDROGEN MARKET (KW, $ MILLIONS)
  • ICELAND'S HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE
  • FRONTIER IS A $2.5 TRILLION MARKET
  • Frontier Is a $2.5 Trillion Market (Continued)

STRUCTURE OF THE STATIONARY INDUSTRY

• Table 83 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES U.S. SALES AND RESEARCH SPENDING FORHYDROGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS, 2003 ($ MILLIONS)
• Table 83 (CONTINUED)
  • COMPANY PROFILES
    • AIRGAS INC
    • AIR LIQUIDE
    • AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
    • Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (Continued)
    • Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (Continued)
    • ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
    • ARIZONA HYDROGEN MANUFACTURING INC.
    • ASPEN SYSTEMS, INC.
    • BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS INC.
    • BOC GASES
    • DAIS ANALYTIC INC/TELEDYNE
    • GASTEC
    • GENESIS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
    • GLOBAL THERMOELECTRIC INC
    • H2FUEL, LLC
    • HARVEST REFORMER/HET
    • HYDROGEN BURNER TECHNOLOGY INC. /HBT
    • HYRADIX INC.
    • IDATECH
    • HYDROGEN SOURCE, LLC
    • JOHNSON MATTHEY FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROCATALYSTS
    • MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC WORKS
    • MCDERMOTT TECHNOLOGY
    • MESOSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
    • MIT PLASMA SCIENCE AND FUSION CENTER
    • MOTOROLA LABS
    • NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORPATION
    • NUVERA FUEL CELLS
    • PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY
    • PRAXAIR
    • STARTECH ENVIRONMENTAL CORP.
    • SYNERGY TECHNOLOGIES
    • CHEVRONTEXACO ENERGY SYSTEMS INC-TESI
    • WANGTEC
    • ZTEK CORPORATION
  • FOREIGN STATIONARY REFORMER COMPANY PROFILES
    • ALSTROM BALLARD
    • CALORIC ANLAGENBAU GMBH
    • FRAUNHOFER ISE
    • FUJI ELECTRIC
    • GAZ DE FRANCE
    • H POWER JAPAN
    • H2OR COMPANY, LTD
    • MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC
    • MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD
    • NGK REFORMER
    • SK CORPORATION
    • SK Corporation (Continued)
    • OSAKA NATURAL GAS REFORMER
    • TOSHIBA CORP.
    • TOKYO GAS

REFORMING TECHNOLOGIES ONBOARD VEHICLES

• REFORMING TECHNOLOGIES ONBOARD VEHICLES
• REFORMATE GENERATOR
  • HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE SHIFT REACTOR AND CATALYST
• Table 84 CATALYSTS FOR HYDROCARBON STEAM REFORMING
• Table 85 CATALYSTS FOR GAS PURIFICATION
  • Non-Precious Metal Water-Gas Shift Catalysts
  • SULFUR REMOVER
  • LOW TEMPERATURE SHIFT (LTS) REACTOR AND CATALYST
  • Steam Generator
  • Air Preheater
  • Steam Superheater
  • Reformate Conditioner
  • Sensors
  • REFORMATE CONDITIONER SUBSYSTEMS
  • Ammonia Remover
  • Partial Oxidation Chamber and Catalyst
  • Tailgas Burner

APPENDIX: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

• VIRENT LOWERS COST DRAMATICALLY
• SOLAR CHEAPLY REPLACES FOSSIL FUELS AS H2 SOURCE
• ALCHEMIX AND HIMELT TO TEST HYDROMAX PROCESS
• OXIDE MATERIALS "EXHALE AND INHALE" MAY FACILITATE SMALL-SCALEH2 PRODUCTION
• OXIDE MATERIALS .. (CONTINUED)
• PROTOTYPE LIQUID HYDROCARBON MARKS IDATECH MILESTONE
• DAIMLERCHRYSLER FEATURES FUTURE FUELS RESEARCH
• DIMETHYL ETHER (DME) PROPOSED AS FUEL SOURCE
• BACTERIA FOR POWER
• GE SEEKS CLEAN PATH TO H2 USING FOSSIL FUELS

LIST OF TABLES

Summary Table:
GLOBAL HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICE VALUE BY ENERGYAPPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS INCLUDING R&D$)

Table 1 GLOBAL HYDROGEN FUEL SYSTEMS VALUE AND MARKET SHARE, BYAPPLICATION TYPE, 2003 ($ MILLIONS, INCLUDING R&D$, %)

Table 2 HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICES VALUE AND SHAREBY APPLICATION TYPE, 2008 ($ MILLIONS INCLUDING R&D$, %)

Table 3 MARKET FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICES FORSTATIONARY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 (UNITS, MW, $ MILLIONS INCLUDINGR&D $)

Table 4 PER UNIT COMPONENT COSTS OF 50 KW STEAM REFORMING UNIT BY SYSTEMPARTS, 2008 ($, %)

Table 5 VALUE OF EACH COMPONENT IN POTENTIAL STATIONARY REFORMER MARKET,2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERYDEVICES FOR VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 (UNITS, MW, $ MILLIONS)

Table 7 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERYDEVICES FOR PORTABLE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008 (UNITS, MW, $ MILLIONS)

Table 8 1997 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN BY INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIALAPPLICATIONS (MILLIONS OF CUBIC FEET)

Table 9 2003 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN BY INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIALAPPLICATIONS (MILLIONS OF CUBIC FEET)

Table 10 MERCHANT HYDROGEN USE BY APPLICATION, 2003

Table 11 INDUSTRIAL HYDROGEN USE, BY APPLICATION 2003 (%)

Table 12 STARTING SOURCES OF WORLD HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, 2003 (BILLIONS M3,%)

Table 13 GLOBAL VALUES OF FUEL CELL SYSTEMS, BY APPLICATION, 2008 ($MILLIONS)

Table 14 APPLICATION OF REFORMERS AND HYDROGEN STORAGE

Table 15 GLOBAL SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS SYSTEMS BYCHEMISTRY TYPE, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 16 GLOBAL FUEL CELL MARKET FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008($ MILLIONS)

Table 17 GLOBAL FUEL CELL MARKET FOR VEHICULAR APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2008($ MILLIONS)

Table 18 GLOBAL EXPENDITURES FOR PORTABLE FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN DELIVERYDEVICES INCLUDING R&D VALUES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 19 TOTAL GLOBAL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FC AND H2 INFRASTRUCTURESPENDING, INCLUDING R&D VALUES, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 20 GOVERNMENT FUNDS FOR RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION OF FUEL CELLS ANDHYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE, THROUGH 2008

Table 21 PRIVATE R&D FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING,THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 22 SUMMARY EXPECTED H.R. 6 FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTUREFUNDING, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 23 H.R. 6 TOTAL FUNDING FOR ENERGY RESEARCH BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENTACCORDING TO BILL SUBSECTIONS, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 24 H.R. 6 EXPECTED U.S. FUEL CELL AND HYDROGEN R&D FUNDING BYTHE U.S. GOVERNMENT EXTRAPOLATED FROM BILL SUBSECTIONS, 2004-2008 ($MILLIONS)

Table 25 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL ACT OF 2003 FUNDING 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 26 APPROPRIATIONS OF THE HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL ENERGY ACT OF 2003,2004-2010

Table 27 STEAM METHANE REFORMING HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTS ($/KG)

Table 28 COST OF NONCATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION ($/GJ)

Table 29 ESTIMATED COST OF METHANOL AUTOTHERMAL REFORMER ($)

Table 30 BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTS ($/GJ; $/DRY TON)

Table 31 BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION RESEARCH

Table 32 RENEWABLE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROJECTS

Table 33 STATIONARY REFORMING MARKET BY COMPANY TECHNOLOGY FOCUS ANDPERCENT OF MARKET FOR MAJOR REFORMING TECHNOLOGIES (%)

Table 34 HYDROGEN REFORMERS FOR STATIONARY FUEL CELLS BY FUEL TYPE ANDELECTROLYZERS, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 35 GLOBAL ELECTROLYZER VALUE VS REFORMER VALUE FOR ALL HYDROGENDELIVERY DEVICE APPLICATIONS, 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

Table 36 ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY APPLICATIONS, BY END USEAPPLICATION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 37 ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY MARKET SHARES BY END USEAPPLICATION, 2003-2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

Table 38 OFF GRID ENGINE VS. REVERSIBLE SOFC SUPPLY ($/KWH/TONS)

Table 39 TRADITIONAL UPS INSTALLED COSTS ($)

Table 40 TYPICAL DISTRIBUTED POWER TECHNOLOGIES COSTS, 2003 ($ PER KW)

Table 41 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #1), THROUGH2008

Table 42 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #2), THROUGH2008

Table 43 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #3), THROUGH2008

Table 44 HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND FUELING STATIONS (SCENARIO #4), THROUGH2008

Table 45 SCENARIOS FOR ELECTROLYZER SHARE OF THE 2008 HYDROGEN VEHICLEREFUELING MARKET* ($ MILLIONS)

Table 46 ELECTROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY BY NUMBER OF COMPANIES

Table 47 2003 MARKET SHARES OF ENERGY ELECTROLYZER INDUSTRY INCLUDINGREVENUES PLUS R&D EXPENSES ($ MILLIONS, %)

Table 48 COMPRESSED PRESSURE VESSEL PRICING ($)

Table 49 HYDROGEN TRANSPORT COSTS ($)

Table 50 HYDROGEN STORAGE IN CARBON

Table 51 VALUE OF HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELLS, THROUGH2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 52 PROJECTED MARKET SHARE OF VARIOUS STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES INCLUSIVEOF R&D VALUES, 2003 AND 2008 ($ MILLIONS, %)

Table 53 ESTIMATED 2003 MARKET SHARES OF HYDROGEN STORAGE ($ MILLIONS)

Table 54 ADVANCED SOLID STORAGE RESEARCH PROJECTS

Table 55 HYDROGEN ENERGY CONVERSION (KWH)

Table 56 HYDROGEN PRICES BY DELIVERY METHOD AND ON SITE PRODUCTION METHODSFOR CONVENTIONAL AND ENERGY USES ($/LB.)

Table 57 SUMMARY KW COSTS FOR 50 KW PEM STATIONARY FUEL CELL AND REFORMERSYSTEMS* ($)

Table 58 SUBSYSTEMS COSTS BREAKDOWN OF 50 KW PEM STATIONARY FUEL CELL ANDREFORMER SYSTEM* ($)

Table 59 COSTS PER KW FOR REFORMER SUBSYSTEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF HYDROGENFUEL SYSTEM COSTS ($/KW, %)

Table 60 ELECTROLYZER CAPITAL COSTS AND ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTSVIA ELECTROLYSIS VS. REFORMING CAPITAL COSTS AND REFORMING OPERATIONAL COSTS($/GJ)

Table 61 MASS PRODUCTION CAPITAL COSTS FOR REFUELING STATIONS ($)

Table 62 CAPITAL COSTS ESTIMATES FOR STEAM AND AUTOTHERMAL REFORMERS ($)

Table 63 HYDROGEN COSTS AT REFUELING STATIONS ($/GJ)

Table 64 HYDROGEN AND GASOLINE EQUIVALENT PRICING EUROPE AND U.S.($/GALLON)

Table 65 HYDROGEN/GASOLINE/ELECTRICITY PRICE EQUIVALENTS

Table 66 MARKET VALUE AND SHARES FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDISPENSING SUBSYSTEMS INCLUSIVE OF R&D EXPENDITURES, THROUGH 2008 ($MILLIONS/$ PER KW)

Table 67 ESTIMATED HYDROGEN ENERGY MARKET SHARE, 2008 (%)

Table 68 U.S. ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION, BY SECTOR, 2000

Table 69 RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL VALUE AND GENERATIONSCENARIOS* ($ MILLIONS AT $1,000 PER KW)

Table 70 FORECAST OF STATIONARY HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDISPENSING EQUIPMENT VALUES*, THROUGH 2008

Table 71 FORECAST OF HYDROGEN GENERATION AND STORAGE EQUIPMENT VALUES,*2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 72 HYDROGEN DEMAND KILOGRAMS AND VALUE FOR NEW ELECTRIC GENERATION*,THROUGH 2008

Table 73 VALUE OF U.S. SALES OF HYDROGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STATIONARYAPPLICATIONS, BY ELECTRICITY SECTOR, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS AT $1,000 PERKW)

Table 74 INDUSTRIAL SCENARIOS FOR HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION AND GENERATION,2008 (%)

Table 75 COMMERCIAL, SCENARIOS FOR HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION AND GENERATION,2008 (MW, %)

Table 76 U.S. REMOTE POWER BACKUP, THROUGH 2008 ($ BILLIONS)

Table 77 RESIDENTIAL SCENARIOS FOR HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION, 2008 (MW, %)

Table 78 COSTS OF HYDROGEN FROM ELECTROLYSIS IN LARGE AND SMALL PLANTS ($/GJ)

Table 79 HYDROGEN DELIVERY DEVICE AND ELECTRIC GENERATION (MW/%)

Table 80 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY VS. HYDROGEN GENERATEDELECTRICITY, 2008 (KWH, %)

Table 81 HYDROGEN PROGRAM BENEFITS, 2000-2020

Table 82 EUROPEAN HYDROGEN MARKET (KW, $ MILLIONS)

Table 83 ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES U.S. SALES AND RESEARCH SPENDING FORHYDROGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS, 2003 ($ MILLIONS)

Table 84 CATALYSTS FOR HYDROCARBON STEAM REFORMING

Table 85 CATALYSTS FOR GAS PURIFICATION  

LIST OF FIGURES

Summary Figure:
GLOBAL HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE AND DELIVERY DEVICE VALUE BY ENERGYAPPLICATION, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS INCLUDING R&D$)

Figure 1 MARKET SHARES FOR GLOBAL HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDELIVERY DEVICES, BY APPLICATION, 2008

Figure 2 GLOBAL VALUES OF FUEL CELL SYSTEMS, BY APPLICATION, 2008 ($MILLIONS)

Figure 3 TOTAL GLOBAL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FC AND H2 INFRASTRUCTURESPENDING, INCLUDING R&D VALUES, 2002-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 4 GLOBAL ELECTROLYZER MARKET SHARES, BY AREA OF APPLICATIONS, 2008

Figure 5 ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY APPLICATIONS, BY END USEAPPLICATION, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

Figure 6 ELECTROLYZER MARKET, BY NUMBER OF COMPANIES

Figure 7 VALUE OF HYDROGEN STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUEL CELLS, 2000-2008($ MILLIONS)

Figure 8 REFORMING COSTS VS. STORAGE COSTS (%)

Figure 9 MARKET VALUE AND SHARES FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION, STORAGE ANDDISPENSING SUBSYSTEMS INCLUSIVE OF R&D EXPENDITURES, 2003 AND 2008

Figure 10 HYDROGEN ENERGY MARKET SHARE, 2008

Figure 11 U.S. ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION, BY SECTOR

Figure 12 VALUE OF U.S. SALES OF HYDROGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR STATIONARYAPPLICATIONS, BY ELECTRICITY SECTOR, 2000-2008 ($ MILLIONS AT $1,000 PER KW)