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SUMMARY
Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) are electronic systems that are intended to
locate small electronic devices on people or things at any time. None are
perfect in this respect but to qualify for the term, they must give real time
identity and location most of the time, or when interrogated. There are many
situations calling for RTLS, particularly now that it has become affordable
and the mobile devices that are sensed have, in many cases, become small and
convenient. Let us look at some examples.
Hospital staff have traditionally had difficulty summoning assistance when
faced with an emergency medical situation or, increasingly, physical assault.
Alarm pendants have alerted backup but not given position. Timely location of
a child lost in a theme park and possibly in danger has been impractical.
Supply chains are traditionally tracked by RFID, barcodes and so on with a
similar lack of precision. At best one knows that the package or conveyance
passed a choke point at some stage and heroic assumptions are then made as to
where it now resides. Vehicles are also tracked with imprecision. Postal
services need to "switch the light on" and take a holistic automated approach.
The antidote to these and other shortcomings is RTLS.
RTLS has consisted of very short range infra-red systems and complex, multiple
antenna, multiple beam long range RFID, making it an esoteric niche market
with only 900 such systems having been sold to date. However, with the new
portability and affordability of RTLS in various forms, its use is now
increasing sharply to become a $2.71 billion business in 2016. New principles
are being brought to bear, such as parasitic and therefore economical WiFi
locators and zonal RFID (arrays of interrogators in, say ceilings of
buildings, so the "tag" is never out of range).
Some of the largest companies in the world are now active in RTLS, which will
become 40% of the active RFID market in only ten years. These companies
include Mitsubishi, Cisco, IBM, Microsoft and Motorola. They know that this is
not like the highest volume uses of passive RFID tags where disposable labels
are usually involved and the label cost can be 50% of total cost.
Additional benefits
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 1.1. What is RTLS?
- 1.1.1. Definitions
- 1.1.2. Construction of an RTLS system
- 1.2. What is not RTLS
- 1.2.1. Remote location not navigation
- 1.2.2. RFID Radar and other options
- 1.3. Primary benefits
- 1.4. Relevant market needs
- 1.4.2. Case study: Alexandra Hospital/ Singapore National University
Hospital, staff, visitors and patients, Singapore
- 1.5. History
- 1.6. Tools
- 2. RTLS TECHNOLOGIES
- 2.1. Variety in technologies
- 2.2. Zonal
- 2.2.2. Supplier case study: Sovereign Tracking Systems US
- 2.2.3. Supplier case study: RF Code USA
- 2.2.4. Case study Mercy Hospital USA
- 2.2.5. Supplier case study Tagtec Australia
- 2.2.6. Case study Felixstowe Dock and Rail Company vehicles UK
- 2.3. Triangulation and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)
- 2.3.1. Case study BMW vehicles Germany, UK, South Africa
- 2.4. Global Positioning System (GPS)
- 2.4.1. The satellites
- 2.4.2. The Master Control facility
- 2.4.3. Smaller and more sensitive receivers widen the possible
applications
- 2.4.4. High sensitivity GPS receivers
- 2.4.5. Who uses GPS
- 2.4.6. Case study: Tracking children USA
- 2.5. Radio fingerprinting
- 2.5.1. Supplier case study: AeroScout USA
- 2.6. Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)
- 2.6.1. Supplier case study RFTechnologies USA
- 2.7. Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging (NFER)
- 2.8. RFID radar
- 2.8.1. Supplier case study Trolley Scan South Africa
- 2.8.2. Case study: Highway non-stop tolling USA
- 2.9. Mesh networks linking RTLS tags, interrogators and systems
- 3. CHOICE OF RFID FREQUENCY FOR RTLS
- 3.2. Radio regulations are changing
- 3.3. No ideal frequency for everything
- 3.4. Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
- 4. INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEMS
- 4.1. IPS used to located medical equipment
- 4.2. Supplier case study: Ekahau USA
- 4.3. Case study: Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital Japan
- 4.4. Supplier case study Hynix Semiconductor Korea
- 4.5. Case study Palmetto Health USA
- 4.6. Case study: AWAREA personalised marketing/advertising, guidance for
the disabled, USA
- 4.6.1. Supplier case study BioRfid Solutions
- 4.6.2. Supplier case study Student Tracker ™ Program for Absenteeism and
Dropouts
- 4.7. Supplier case study: Verichip Corporation USA
- 4.7.1. Wander prevention
- 4.7.2. Infant protection
- 4.8. Supplier case study Axcess International Inc USA
- 4.8.1. AXCESS Asset Activator ™
- 4.8.2. Patient monitoring
- 4.8.3. Case study: Private school attendance, USA
- 4.9. Supplier case study: ActiveWave Inc USA
- 4.10. Supplier case study: Healthcare Pilot USA
- 4.11. Case study: Holy Name Hospital USA
- 4.12. Case study Advocate Good Shepherd Hospital USA
- 4.13. Case study Merrimac Industries libraries and archiving USA
- 4.14. Case study: Borgess Medical Center patients USA
- 4.15. Case study City halls guiding the blind Japan
- 4.16. Case study Jackson Memorial; Hospital assets USA
- 4.17. Case study Klinikum Saarbrucken Hospital patients Germany
- 4.18. Case study Legacy Salmon Creek Hospital equipment USA
- 4.19. Case study Massachusetts General Hospital patients and assets USA
- 4.20. Case study Presbyterian Hospital patients USA
- 4.21. Case study Changgen Memorial Hospital patients Taiwan
- 4.22. Case study Tung Yuan Hospital in Hsinchu, patients Taiwan
- 4.23. Case study Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, assets, USA
- 4.24. Case study Hospitals patients Israel
- 4.25. Supplier case study Ascom, Switzerland
- 4.26. Case study Washington Hospital Center, patients and assets, USA
- 4.27. Case study Werribee Mercy Hospital, patient tracking, Australia
- 4.28. Case study Wirral Hospital people, UK
- 4.29. Case study Metrotown Mall security Canada
- 5. LONG RANGE AND OUTDOOR RTLS
- 5.1. Benefits and limitations
- 5.2. Supplier case study WhereNet USA
- 5.3. Case study: Broekman Group The Netherlands
- 5.4. Case study AM General Corporation work in progress USA
- 5.5. Case study Volkswagen work in progress Germany
- 5.6. Case study Ford Van Dyke plant work in progress and finished vehicles
USA
- 5.7. Case study Inco Mine equipment Canada
- 5.8. Case study Yanzhou Mining Group vehicle tracking China
- 5.9. Case study Marion Correctional Treatment center inmates USA
- 6. COMBINED AND PARASITIC RTLS TECHNOLOGIES
- 6.1. Combined technologies
- 6.1.1. Combined in one tag
- 6.1.2. Not combined in one tag
- 6.2. Parasitic Bluetooth and WiFi
- 6.2.1. Bluetooth
- 6.2.2. WiFi
- 6.2.3. Case study: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center equipment USA
- 6.2.4. Case study: Birmingham Heartlands and Solihull NHS Trust patients
UK
- 6.2.5. Case study Bon Secours Health System, equipment USA
- 6.2.6. Supplier case study G2 Microsystems
- 6.2.7. Case study Aobaku schoolchildren, Japan
- 6.3. Infrared
- 6.3.1. Supplier case study: Versus Technology Inc USA
- 6.4. GPS and GSM, GPRS
- 6.4.1. Supplier case study: Wherify USA
- 6.4.2. Supplier case study: Sygade/ Max ID, South Africa/ UK
- 6.4.3. Supplier case study: Savi Technology
- 6.4.4. Case Study Dow Chemical
- 7. PRIVACY ISSUES
- 8. MARKET SIZE AND FORECASTS
- 8.1. Market 1998 to 2005
- 8.2. Market 2006-2016
- 8.3. RTLS share
- 8.4. Trend in importance of different parts of the RTLS value chain
- 8.5. Geographical trends
- 8.6. Applicational trends
- 8.7. Trend of modes
- 8.8. Trend of frequencies
- 8.9. Other opinions
- APPENDIX 1: CONTACT DETAILS
- APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS
- APPENDIX 3: GLOSSARY
- TABLES
- 1.1. Some factors driving greater use of RTLS
- 1.2. Examples of needs and concerns about RTLS in various sectors.
- 1.3. Examples of companies with RTLS systems or appropriate parts and
services and the sectors they address
- 3.1. The commonly used licence free frequencies for active RFID
- 4.1. Required characteristics of an indoor positioning solution.
- 4.2. Specification of Activewave jumboTag
- 4.3. Equipment Rental Costs: Financial Results*
- 4.4. GSH equipment purchasing costs
- 4.5. Associate Satisfaction: Nursing Satisfaction Scores
- 6.1. Wherify view of RTLS options
- 8.1. Global market for RTLS in millions of dollars 1998 to 2005
- 8.2. Cumulative sales of RTLS systems to start of 2006
- 8.3. Examples of suppliers and developers of RTLS systems
- FIGURES
- 1.1. The demographic timebomb.
- 2.1. Radianse view of the relative merits of some RTLS technologies
- 2.2. Example of Zonal RTLS
- 2.3. Example of a Sovereign Tracking Systems transceiver
- 2.4. RFCode tag and interrogator
- 2.5. The TAVIS system from RF Code
- 2.6. Trinity Terminal is the largest container handling facility in the
UK
- 2.7. A NAVSTAR GPS satellite
- 2.8. Artist's concept of the GPS satellite constellation
- 2.9. AeroScout WiFi RTLS tags
- 2.10. AeroScout WiFi armbands
- 3.1. License free frequencies across the world at UHF
- 3.2. Technical performance for active RFID in crowded environments as a
function of frequency in the view of Savi Technology
- 3.3. UWB frequency spread compared with some alternative active RFID
bands in the microwave region
- 3.4. A Ubisense healthcare application of UWB active RFID
- 4.1. Ekahau WiFi tag
- 4.2. Watchlet Resident Bracelet
- 4.3. Activewave jumboTag
- 4.4. Healthcare Pilot tags
- 4.5. How the Healthcare Pilot RTLS system works
- 4.6. GSH equipment rental costs
- 4.7. GSH equipment purchasing costs
- 4.8. GSH associate satisfaction
- 4.9. monitoring system for personnel tags
- 4.10. Zonal personnel tracking system
- 4.11. Using RFID to guide people
- 4.12. Miyake white navigation system
- 4.13. A Miyake LC Array chipless RFID tag
- 4.14. Hospital contact history and monitoring system
- 4.15. Scene at hospital
- 4.16. EIRIS Technology IRFIDTM Components
- 4.17. EIRIS Technology Tags
- 4.18. EIRIS Data collecting and equipment tags
- 4.19. EIRIS System Architecture
- 4.20. ELPAS' System Architecture
- 4.21. ELPAS' Healthcare Applications
- 4.22. A selection of UWB RFID tags
- 4.23. Overall strategic design
- 4.24. Patient track & alarm
- 4.25. Information systems in Wirral Hospital
- 4.26. Analysis - EDR/EIS
- 5.1. Real Time Locating Systems -- long range triangulation and/or Time
Delay of Arrival
- 5.2. Yanzou Mine
- 5.3. The TSI PRISM wireless (RFID) tracking system consists of three
primary components:
- 6.1. Versus combined IR/ RFID personnel locator and alarm
- 6.2. Hi-Efficiency Infrared (IR) Sensor (VER-4426)
- 6.3. Radio Frequency (RFID) Sensor (VER-4452)
- 6.4. Wherifone
- 6.5. Wherify system
- 6.6. Sygade active tags and tracking units
- 8.1. Global market for RTLS in millions of dollars 1998 to 2005
- 8.2. Global RTLS market 2006 -2016 in millions of dollars
- 8.3. RTLS as a percentage of the active RFID market in 2010 by value
- 8.4. RTLS as a percentage of the active RFID market in 2016 by value
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