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SUMMARY
Summary
This report describes and evaluates animal biotechnology and its application
in veterinary medicine and pharmaceuticals as well as improvement in food
production. Knowledge of animal genetics is important in the application of
biotechnology to manage genetic disorders and improve animal breeding.
Genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics are also being applied to animal
biotechnology.
Transgenic technologies are used for improving milk production and the meat in
farm animals as well as for creating models of human diseases. Transgenic
animals are used for the production of proteins for human medical use.
Biotechnology is applied to facilitate xenotransplantation from animals to
humans. Genetic engineering is done in farm animals and nuclear transfer
technology has become an important and preferred method for cloning animals.
Biotechnology has potential applications in the management of several animal
diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, avian flu and
bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The most important biotechnology-based
products consist of vaccines, particularly genetically engineered or DNA
vaccines. Gene therapy for diseases of pet animals is a fast developing area
because many of the technologies used in clinical trials humans were developed
in animals and many of the diseases of cats and dogs are similar to those in
humans.RNA interference technology is now being applied for research in
veterinary medicine.
Molecular diagnosis is assuming an important place in veterinary practice.
Polymerase chain reaction and its modifications are considered to be
important. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays are also widely used. Newer biochip-based technologies and biosensors
are also finding their way in veterinary diagnostics.
Biotechnology products are approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine of
the FDA. Regulatory issues relevant to animal biotechnology are described.
Approximately 108 companies have been identified to be involved in animal
biotechnology and are profiled in the report. These are a mix of animal
healthcare companies and biotechnology companies.Information is given about
the research activities of 11 veterinary and livestock research institutes.
Important 110 collaborations in this area are shown.
Share of biotechnology-based products and services in 2007 is analyzed and the
market is projected to 2017.
The text is supplemented with 33 tables and five figures.Selected 250
references from the literature are appended.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. Executive Summary
1. Introduction to Animal Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Historical evolution of animal biotechnology
- Basics of biotechnology
- DNA
- RNA
- Genes
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms
- Gene expression
- Gene regulation
- Proteins
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Animal genetics
- Molecular genetics
- Twinning in cattle
- Pig genetics
- Genetic studies in dogs
- Animal genomics
- The mouse genome
- The dog genome
- The cat genome
- Marsupial genomes
- Genomes of non-human primates
- Chimpanzee genome
- Genome of the rhesus macaque
- Livestock genomics
- Bovine genome
- Bovine SNP map
- Pig genome
- Horse genomics
- Sheep genome
- Chicken genome
- Priority genome list of the National Human Genome Research Institute
- Applications of animal genomics
- Genomics of disease resistance
- Statistical genomics to improve breeding
- Chicken breeding based on genomics
- Animal proteomics
- Applications of proteomics in animals
- Caseins in goat milk
- Lactic acid bacteria
- Applications of proteomics in animal healthcare
- Bioinformatics
- Application of nanobiotechnology for animal health
- Recombinant protein manufacture
- Animal biotechnology in relation to other technologies
2. Application of Biotechnology in Animals
- Introduction
- Genetic engineering
- Livestock improvement by genetic engineering
- Disease control by genetic engineering
- Limitations and precautions for genetic engineering
- Transgenic animal technology
- Cloning animals
- Nuclear transfer technology
- Nuclear bisection for cloning
- Zona-free cloning method
- Abnormalities in cloned animals
- Cloning from embyonic cells
- Cloning of rabbits
- Cloning the rat
- Cloning the horse
- Cloning the cow
- Cloning the dog
- Cloning in primates
- Retrovector-mediated production of transgenic animals
- Episomal vector-mediated gene delivery
- Sperm-mediated gene transfer
- Lentiviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells
- Lentiviral transgenesis
- Transgenic pharmaceuticals
- Proteins from the milk of transgenic animals
- Advantages of milk as source of transgenic proteins
- Therapeutic proteins from rabbit milk
- Recombinant human antibodies from cows
- Therapeutic proteins from goat milk
- Chicken transgenesis for the production of biopharmaceuticals
- Concluding remarks about production of recombinant proteins in animals
- Companies involved in production of transgenic pharmaceuticals
- Transgenic food products
- Milking genetically modified cows
- Transgenic fish
- Cloned animals as sources of milk and meat
- Animal feeds from transgenic plants
- Transgenic modification of plants to increase nutritional value of
animal feeds
- Transgenic disease models
- Technologies to create transgenic disease models
- Gene manipulation techniques
- Embryonic stem cells for gene targeting
- Homologous recombination
- Animal models of human diseases
- Transgenic models for studying human drug metabolism and toxicity
- The Human Genome Project and the role of transgenics
- Genomic and proteomic analyses of transgenic animal models
- Concern about health and welfare of transgenic animals
- Safety of transgenic technology
- Concluding remarks about use of transgenic animals
- RNA interference technology
- RNAi versus antisense
- Applications of RNAi in animal biotechnology
- Xenotransplantation
- Pigs for xenotransplantation
- Genetically engineered pigs for transplants
- Risks of xenotransplantation
- World Health Organization and xenotransplantation
- Companies involved in xenotransplantation
- Ethical aspects of animal biotechnology
3. A Biotechnology Perspective of Animals Diseases
- Introduction
- Infections in animals
- Viral infections
- Avian influenza
- Animal surveillance of influenza
- Animal corona viruses and human SARS
- Avian coronavirus
- Canine parvovirus
- Classical swine fever
- Developing new treatments against FMDV
- Equine infectious anemia
- Foot-and-mouth disease
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- Rinderpest
- Bacterial infections
- Mycoplasmal pneumonia
- Protozoal infections
- Neosporosis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Coccidiosis
- Nematodes
- Infections that cross the species barrier
- Complications of bacterial infections and antibiotic use in animals
- Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
- Inter-species transfer of prions
- Scrapie
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Epidemiology of BSE
- Human health implications of BSE
- Breeding animals protected against BSE
- TSE research
- Prion gene haplotyping
- Pharmacological approaches to TSE research
- Molecular diagnostic approach to TSE research
- RNAi for knockdown of the bovine prion gene
- Chronic wasting disease
- Chronic wasting disease in wildlife
- Chronic wasting disease of the cattle in Sudan
- Chronic wasting in dairy cows in the Netherlands
- Genetic disorders in farm animals
- Diseases of pet animals
- Canine Anemia
- Heart failure in dogs
- Cancer in cats and dogs
- Cancer clinical trials in dogs
- Canine Comparative Oncology Genomics Consortium
- Preventive veterinary medicine
- Prevention of introduction of foreign animal diseases
- Producing transgenic cattle resistant to BSE
- Zoonotic diseases
- Collaborative management of animal and human health
4. Molecular Diagnostics in Animals
- Introduction
- Nucleic acid technologies
- The polymerase chain reaction
- Basic Principles of PCR
- Target selection
- Detection of amplified DNA
- Real-time PCR systems
- LightCycler PCR system
- Molecular beacons
- Applications of PCR in veterinary medicine
- Fluorescent in situ hybridization
- Immunodiagnostics
- Enzyme-linked immunoassays
- Bovine Gamma Interferon Test
- Antigen diagnosis of trichinosis
- Parachek™ for the diagnosis of Johne's disease
- Antibodies for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals
- Biochip/microarray technology
- Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology
- Cattlearray3800 for functional genomics
- eSensor™ electrochemical biochip
- Biosensors
- Immunosensors
- Biosensor for ovulation prediction in dairy cows
- Flow cytometry for animal diagnostics
- Molecular imaging in animals
- Veterinary cytogenetics
- Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals
- Canine DNA testing
- Diagnostic aids to selective breeding
- Selection of desirable traits
- Using genetic markers for improved milk production in dairy cattle
- Application of bovine genomics for improving milk yield
- Recognition of hereditary syndromes
- Genetic markers in animals
- SNP genotyping in animals
- SNP genotyping for selective breeding of chicken
- Animal identity and parentage analysis
- Animal species identification in food
- Diagnosis of infections
- Bacterial infections
- Diagnosis of viral infections
- Molecular diagnosis of avian influenza
- Diagnosis of parasitic infections
- Detection of natural or bioterror threats to livestock
- Molecular diagnosis of prion diseases
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Testing for BSE in living animals
- Prions in urine
- Diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in wildlife
- Developing new tests for prion diseases
- Differentiation among various types of TSEs
- Protein cyclic amplification
- Antibody tests for prion diseases
- Scrapie genotyping
- A real-time ultrasonic method for prion protein detection
- Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs
- Diagnosis of genetic disorders
- Genetic screening of companion animals
- Genes associated with exercise-induced collapse
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
- Diagnosis of cancer in animals
- Diagnosis of food-borne pathogens
- Introduction
- Molecular diagnostic methods used in food-borne infections
- Limitations of use of molecular probes in food analysis
- Companies with technologies for food pathogen detection
- Biotechnology-based novel diagnostics for aquatic animals
- Detection of chemicals in foods of animal origin
5. Biotechnology-based Veterinary Medicine
- Introduction
- Biotechnology versus pharmaceutical products
- Role of biotechnology in drug discovery and development
- Cost of veterinary vs. human drug discovery and development
- Advantages and disadvantages of testing biotech products in animal models
- Biotechnolgoy-based antiparasitic drugs
- Non-antibiotic strategies for control of infections in animals
- Probiotics
- Potential role for probiotics in the human gut
- Potential role for probiotics in animals
- Probiotic bacteria for control of pathogens in cattle
- Nonantibiotic drugs for infections in animals
- Immunomodulation as an alternative to antibiotics in infections
- Cathelicidins: effector molecules of mammalian innate immunity
- Bacteriophage therapy for antibiotic resistance
- Biotechnology for treating tendon injuries
- Use of growth factors to facilitate tendon injuries
- Productivity enhancers
- Bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows
- Use of growth factors
- Transgenic plant products for use in animals
- Biotechnology-based vaccines
- Modern vaccines without viral non-structural proteins
- Vaccines for tick control
- Plant-derived vaccines for use in animals
- Genetically engineered vaccines
- Application of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary medicine
- DNA vaccines
- Genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines
- DNA vaccine for tuberculosis
- Potential for genetically engineered vaccines for Johne's disease
- DNA vaccines for West Nile encephalitis
- Gene-based vaccine for Marek's disease
- Genetically engineered vaccines for equine encephalitis
- Vaccines against avian influenza
- Vaccines against parasitic infections
- Recombinant marker vaccines
- Marker vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease
- Marker vaccine for Newcastle disease
- Vaccines for classical swine fever
- Using RNAi to develop vaccines for viral infections in prawns
- Nano-bead vaccine adjuvant
- Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines
- Biotechnology in treatment of parasitic infections
- Biotechnology in the treatment of CNS injuries in pet animals
- Paraplegia due to acute spinal cord injury in dogs
- RNAi for suppression prions in livestock
- Cell Therapy
- Umbilical cord blood stem cells
- Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine
- Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries in horses
- Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs
- Gene therapy
- Gene therapy vectors
- Gene therapy by mitochondrial transfer
- In utero gene therapy
- Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine
- Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VII in dogs
- Gene therapy to increase disease resistance
- Gene therapy for infections
- Gene therapy for hematological disorders
- Gene therapy for endocrine disorders
- Gene therapy for arthritis
- Cancer gene therapy
- Brain tumors in cats and dogs
- Breast cancer in dogs
- Canine hemangiosarcoma
- Canine melanoma
- Canine soft tissue sarcoma
- Melanoma in horses
6. Research in Animal Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Research institutes
- Animal and Natural Resources Institute (USDA)
- Center for Animal Biotechnology at University of Melbourne (Australia)
- CSIRO Livestock Industries
- Danish Veterinary Institute
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute
- Institute for Animal Health of UK
- Kimron Veterinary Institute
- Korean National Livestock Research Institute
- National Agricultural & Veterinary Biotechnology Center of Ireland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency of UK
- Veterinary Medical University of Vienna
- Ethical issues of research in animal biotechnology
- Future prospects
- Strategies for control of twining in cattle
- Future developments of molecular diagnostics
- Future of vaccine application in veterinary medicine
- Promotion of innate immunity in animals
- Identification of key parasite antigens for eliciting immune response
- Virus-like particle vaccines for lasting immune response
- Control of respiratory virus infections
- Control and prevention of bioterrorism diseases in animals
- Genetic control of disease resistance
- Production of cattle lacking prion protein
- Application of genetics and biotechnology to wildlife management
- Future of animal genomics
7. Animal Biotechnology Markets
- Introduction
- Markets for biotechnology-based products for animal healthcare
- Markets for animal diagnostics
- Test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Animal biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas
- Markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans
- Transgenic proteins
- Market for xenotransplantation
- Strategies for promoting use of animal biotechnology
- Financial losses from death and disease in animals
- Losses in farm animals
- Losses in poultry
- Losses in equine industry
- The emerging role of pet owners
- Improvement in cattle through application of biotechnology
- Pig market
- Cattle Market
- Poultry market
- Milk from genetically modified cows
- Transgenic fish
- Role of biotechnology in livestock performace enhancer market
- Gene transfer technologies
- Cost-benefit aspects of transgenic proteins
- Lower costs of transgenic production
- Lower costs of treatment
- Unmet needs in animal biotechnology
- Future opportunities for biotechnology in animal healthcare
- Farm animals
- Companion animals
8. Regulatory issues
- Introduction
- Regulatory agencies for veterinary biotechnology in the US
- FDA regulatory issues in agricultural biotechnology
- Food safety evaluation of transgenic animals
- FDA investigation of drug transfer into eggs
- Animal feed safety
- Regulatory issues for production of transgenic proteins
- Risks of animal biotechnology
- FDA regulation of bovine products
- Worldwide biotechnology regulatory and trade issues
9. Companies Involved in Animal Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Biotechnology at top veterinary pharmaceutical companies
- Profiles of selected companies
- Collaborations
10. References
Tables
- Table 1 - 1: Landmarks in the evolution of animal biotechnology in the
20th century
- Table 1 - 2: Applications of genomics in livestock industry and veterinary
medicine
- Table 1 - 3: Applications of proteomics in livestock industry and
veterinary medicine
- Table 1 - 4: Selected animal genomics and proteomics databases (DB)
- Table 1 - 5: Expression systems for production of recombinant
biopharmaceuticals
- Table 2 - 1: Recombinant proteins obtained from milk of transgenic animals
- Table 2 - 2: Companies involved in the production of transgenic
pharmaceuticals
- Table 2 - 3: A comparison of gene knockout and transgenic techniques
- Table 2 - 4: Examples of transgenic mouse models of non-neoplastic human
diseases
- Table 2 - 5: Companies involved in xenotransplantation
- Table 3 - 1: Diseases of dairy cattle
- Table 3 - 2: Causes of chronic wasting disease in animals
- Table 4 - 1: Potential applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology
- Table 4 - 2: Biosensor technologies with potential applications in
molecular diagnostics
- Table 4 - 3: Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals
- Table 4 - 4: Viruses that can be detected by molecular diagnostics
- Table 4 - 5: Testing for harmful prions in brain tissue from dead cattle
- Table 4 - 6: Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for
TSEs
- Table 4 - 7: Pathogenic bacteria in food and targets for molecular
diagnostic probes
- Table 4 - 8: Companies involved in molecular diagnostics for food-borne
infections
- Table 5 - 1: Veterinary biotechnology products
- Table 5 - 2: Pharmaceutical versus biotechnology products
- Table 5 - 3: Nonantibiotic strategies for control of infections
- Table 5 - 4: Experimental DNA vaccines tested in animals
- Table 5 - 5: Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines for animals
- Table 6 - 1: Areas for future research applications of animal
biotechnologies
- Table 7 - 1: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for farm
animals: 2007-2017
- Table 7 - 2: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for pet
animals: 2007-2017
- Table 7 - 3: Biotechnology-based markets for animal healthcare according
to regions: 2007-2017
- Table 7 - 4: Biotechnology markets for farm animals according to
therapeutic areas: 2007-2017
- Table 7 - 5: Biotechnology markets for pet animals according to
therapeutic areas: 2007-2017
- Table 7 - 6: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based animal products for
humans: 2007-2017
- Table 9 - 1: Ranking of top veterinary companies developing biotechnology
products
- Table 9 - 2: Selected collaborations of companies in animal biotechnology
Figures
- Figure 1 - 1: Relation of animal biotechnology to other technologies and
human health
- Figure 2 - 1: Nuclear transfer technology
- Figure 2 - 2: Generation of transgenic animals by linker based
sperm-mediated gene transfer
- Figure 2 - 3: Production of therapeutic proteins in the milk of transgenic
animals
- Figure 7 - 1: Unmet needs in animal biotechnology
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