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SUMMARY
The report was written for decision makers who need to be aware of the potential which fuel cells will offer this decade. With several fuel cell technologies reaching commercial viability in the coming months, there are likely to be enormous commercial opportunities in sectors ranging from home power-and-heat to combined heat-and-power in commercial and industrial settings, distributed power and, over the longer term, for central power generation. Fuel cells are environmentally benign, extremely efficient and are about to become cost effective. They offer many of the features that are needed for a sustainable future. Today they can be fuelled with natural gas and a number of other synthetic fuel gases. In the future they will burn hydrogen and their only by product will be water. This report provides the details of the technologies, which are going to be competitive in what environments, predicted costs and the future trajectory for fuel cell development. The fuel cell is likely to be one of the key technologies of the twenty-first century and this report will explain why. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary - The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
- The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
- The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
- The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
- Future Prospects for Fuel Cells
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Fuel Cells - Introduction
- Fuel Cell Basics
- How a Fuel Cell Works
- Electrodes and Catalysts
- Efficiency
- The History of Fuel Cells
- Types of Fuel Cell
- The Alkaline Fuel Cell
- The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
- The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
- The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
- The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
- The Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
- Fuel and Fuel Processing
- The Hydrogen Economy
- Distributed Power
- Environmental Benefits
Chapter 2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells - Introduction
- PAFC Cell Technology
- Fuel Processing
- Commercial PAFC units
- International Fuel Cells
- Tokyo Gas and Fuji Electric
- Other PAFC Developers
- Field Experience
- Costs of PAFC fuel cells
- Applications
- Technology Take Up
- Future Prospects
Chapter 3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel - Cells
- Introduction
- PEM Cell Technology
- Fuel Processing
- Commercial PEM Fuel Cells
- Ballard Power Systems
- Plug Power
- H-Power
- Idatech
- Other Companies
- Cost of PEM Fuel Cells
- Applications
- Future Prospects
Chapter 4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells - Introduction
- MCFC Technology
- Fuel Processing
- Commercial MCFC Units
- FuelCell Energy
- MTU
- Mitsubishi Electric
- Ansaldo Fuel Cells
- Other Manufacturers with MCFC Interests
- Field Experience
- Cost of MCFC Fuel Cells
- Applications
- Technology Take Up
- Future Prospects
Chapter 5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Introduction
- SOFC Technology
- Fuel Processing
- Fuel Cell-Turbine Hybrids
- Commercial SOFC units
- Siemens Westinghouse
- Sulzer Hexis
- Ceramic Fuel Cells
- Rolls Royce
- Other companies
- Field Experience
- Cost of SOFC Fuel Cells
- Applications
- Technology Take Up
- Future Prospects
Chapter 6 Future Prospects for Fuel Cells - Introduction
- Targets
- Markets
- Domestic Power
- Cogeneration
- Distributed Power
- Central Power Plant
- Market Growth
- Notes to the Report
List of Tables- Table 1.1: Maximum Fuel Cell Efficiencies at Room Temperature and Pressure
- Table 1.2: Fuel Cell Characteristics
- Table 1.3: Typical Fuel Cell Power Plant Emissions
- Table 2.4: Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Characteristics
- Table 2.5: Operating Parameters for ONSI PC25C Fuel Cell
- Table 2.6: International Fuel Cells PC25C Emissions
- Table 2.7: US Department of Defence Fuel Cell performance
- Table 3.8: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Characteristics
- Table 3.9: Ballard Power Systems 250kW fuel cell prototype specification
- Table 3.10: Ebara Ballard Residential Fuel Cell Power Plant
- Table 3.11: Plug Power Residential Fuel Cell Power Plant
- Table 3.12: H-Power EPAC 500W Fuel Cell
- Table 4.13: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Characteristics
- Table 4.14: FuelCell Energy Prototype MCFC Stack
- Table 4.15: The Santa Clara MCFC Demonstration Project
- Table 5.16: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Characteristics
- Table 5.17: Westervoort Demonstration SOFC Power Plant
- Table 5.18: Sulzer Hexis HXS 1000 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System
- Table 6.19: Fuel Cell Performance Targets
- Table 6.20: Markets for Fuel Cells
List of Figures- Figure 1.1: Maximum Fuel Cell Efficiencies at Room Temperature and Pressure
- Figure 2.2: PAFC ·Drivers and Resistors
- Figure 3.3: PEM Fuel Cells ·Drivers and Resistors
- Figure 4.4: MCFC ·Drivers and Resistors
- Figure 5.5: SOFC ·Drivers and Resistors
- Figure 6.6: Potential Sales of Fuel Cells by Technology, 2005
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